“…Moreover, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as nanofertilizers for targeted delivery of micronutrients is considered as efficient, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and best alternatives to chemical fertilizers ( Irshad et al, 2021b ; Shah et al, 2021 ). In the last few years, several methods, such as physical (electro-explosion, gamma radiations, pulse laser ablation, ion sputtering scattering, mechanical/ball milling), chemical (sol–gel, microemulsion, co-precipitation, hydrothermal) and biological approaches (using microorganisms/plants extracts), have been used for the production of metallic NPs ( Ahmed et al, 2021d ; Noman et al, 2022 ). Various studies have reported the application of NPs improved the abiotic stress tolerance in plants by modulating the biochemical, morpho-physiological and genetic mechanisms under salinity stress ( Rossi et al, 2017 ), drought stress ( Mozafari et al, 2018 ), and HMs stress ( Bashir et al, 2020 ).…”