Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Electroanalysis

Abstract

Pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) have several advantages over other carbon‐based or commercial metal electrodes, including widespread availability, very low cost, and ease of modification. To make the best use of PGEs in electroanalysis, significant recent advances in the development of different nanomaterial‐PGEs have been observed. The literature published up to mid‐2015 is summarized in the present review, with a focus on the various methodologies used to readily modify graphite pencil electrodes using nanomaterials. This review also touches on the surface characterization of these electrodes and their potential applications in a variety of electrochemical detection applications. The review outlines the scope for further research in this area and discusses the importance of surface modifications of conventional PGE electrodes using nanomaterials or a combination of nanomaterials and electroactive polymers.

Comparison of Insulin Determination on NiNPs/chitosan‐ MWCNTs and NiONPs/chitosan‐MWCNTs Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode

“…Also correlation coefficient was similar like correlation coefficients obtained by common modified electrode mentioned in Table 1 [25,38,39].…”

“…Different types of carbon electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes [21], screen printed carbon electrodes [22], pencil graphite electrodes [23] and carbon paste electrodes [24] have been used for insulin determination. PGEs have several advantages in comparison to other carbon-based electrodes, including, very low cost, simple modification, widespread availability [25] and well defined surface area [11]. PGEs have several advantages in comparison to other carbon-based electrodes, including, very low cost, simple modification, widespread availability [25] and well defined surface area [11].…”

Preparation and Characterization of Bhant Leaves‐derived Nitrogen‐doped Carbon and its Use as an Electrocatalyst for Detecting Ketoconazole

“…Besides, carbon‐based electrodes such as glassy carbon/ graphite pencil electrodes are quite popular due to their low costs as well as their high mechanical and chemical stability levels . However, to effectively use these carbon‐based electrodes, specifically to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity, they often need to be modified with a suitable electrocatalyst . Carbon‐based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and carbon nanofibers have been extensively investigated as electrocatalysts in the past three decades .…”

Electrochemically Inspired Copper(II) Complex on Disposable Graphite Pencil Electrode for Effective Simultaneous Detection of Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, and Uric Acid

“…We are utilizing the efficacy of DGPE in electrochemical sensors applications to develop a simple, easy‐to‐use, cost‐effective and sensitive electrochemical methods based on the electrochemical inspired copper complex on DGPE for simultaneous detections of UA, XA, and HXA.…”