Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐based Optical Biosensors as Potential Point‐of‐Care Testing (PoCT) Probes in Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection

Abstract

For the past decades, several cancer biomarkers have been exploited for rapid and accurate prognosis or diagnosis purposes. In this review, the optical biosensor is targeted for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The CEA level is a prominent parameter currently used in clinical cases for the prognosis of cancer-related diseases. Many nanomaterial-based biosensors are invented as alternatives for the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) immunoassay method in CEA detection as the traditional approach. But they possess certain drawbacks such as tedious procedure, high technical demand, and costly. Nevertheless, the effort appears to be wasted as none of them are being actualised. Generally, the sensor function was carried out by converting bio-signals generated upon the interface of the receptor into light signals. These sensors were popular due to specific advantages such as sensitivity, being free from chemical and electromagnetic interferences, wide dynamic range, and being easy to be monitored. The features of PoC diagnostics are discussed and associated to the various applications of colorimetric-based and chemiluminescent-based biosensors. The roles of nanomaterials in each application were also summarised by comparing the modification, incubation period, lowest detection limit (LOD) and linear range of detection amount. The challenges and future perspectives were highlighted as well at the end of the review.

Multi-modal nanoprobe-enabled biosensing platforms: a critical review

“…In general, optical sensors include FL, colorimetric, electrochemical luminescence, chemiluminescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), etc. 81 3.1.1 FL/colorimetric dual-mode biosensors. The FL/colorimetric dual-mode biosensor is the most widely used among the multi-modal biosensors.…”

“…In general, optical sensors include FL, colorimetric, electrochemical luminescence, chemiluminescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), etc . 81…”

Recent advances in tumor biomarker detection by lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles

“…Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a member of glycoproteins and is considered a tumor biomarker in colorectal cancer, gastric, and pancreatic cancer. 60 Qiu et al developed a photoelectrochemical sensing platform for CEA detection based on upconversion luminescence and rolling circle amplification (RCA). 56 Firstly, CEA was captured by aptamer-2-primer DNA (Apt2-pDNA) and aptamer-1-conjugated magnetic beads (Apt1-MB) to form a sandwich-like formation.…”

Advances in the use of nanomaterials for nucleic acid detection in point-of-care testing devices: A review

“…Nanomaterials can be defined as materials possessing at least one external dimension within the nanometer scale of 1–100 nm ( Suan Ng et al, 2022 ). Due to their special features, nanomaterials offer a wide range of possibilities in various fields, such as biocompatibility, fluorescence, electrical and thermal conductivity, and magnetism ( Guo et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Tang et al, 2020 ; Gong N et al, 2021 ; Li J et al, 2022a ).…”

“…The sensor as receiver controls the accuracy and sensitivity of the devices, because it can register the measured information and output as an electrical signal or in other required forms. A nanosensor is also a type of sensor, and has the advantages of miniaturization, digitalization, intelligence, multi-functionality, systematization, and network capacity, which shows its good application prospects in the development of POCT devices ( Yang et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2020b ; Li Q et al, 2021 ; Suan Ng et al, 2022 ; Xiao M. F et al, 2022 ). As Mitasha has described, using various biomolecules to detect specific analytes, activatable sensors in POCT products can be divided into immunological-based tests, nucleic acid (NA)-based tests, and other biomarker-based tests ( Bharadwaj et al, 2021 ).…”