Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Determination for Food Monitoring via Microchip

Abstract

Mycotoxins are one of the main factors impacting food safety. Mycotoxin contamination has threatened the health of humans and animals. Conventional methods for the detection of mycotoxins are gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, all these methods are time-consuming, require large-scale instruments and skilled technicians, and consume large amounts of hazardous regents and solvents. Interestingly, a microchip requires less sample consumption and short analysis time, and can realize the integration, miniaturization, and high-throughput detection of the samples. Hence, the application of a microchip for the detection of mycotoxins can make up for the deficiency of the conventional detection methods. This review focuses on the application of a microchip to detect mycotoxins in foods. The toxicities of mycotoxins and the materials of the microchip are firstly summarized in turn. Then the application of a microchip that integrates various kinds of detection methods (optical, electrochemical, photo-electrochemical, and label-free detection) to detect mycotoxins is reviewed in detail. Finally, challenges and future research directions in the development of a microchip to detect mycotoxins are previewed.

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

“…The different methods can be characterized by several parameters such as accuracy, applicability, reproducibility, limit of detection and so on (Sheppard, 2008;Alshannaq and Yae-Hiuk, 2017;Shanakhat et al, 2018). Trucksess and Zhang (2016) argued that all practically useful analytical methods should meet the basic Fluorescence polarization immunoassay 30 ng/ml Maragos, 2009 Biosensors 0.05 ml 0.005 µg/l Gurban et al, 2017;Man et al, 2017 Indirect methods Spectroscopy 4 µg/kg Wacoo et al, 2014 Emerging technologies Hyperspectral imaging 10 µg/kg Wang et al, 2014 Electronic nose 5 µ/kg Ottoboni et al, 2018 Aptamer-based biosensors ECL 0.1 pg/ml Shim et al, 2014;Castillo et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2016;Jia et al, 2019;Kordasht et al, 2019; guidelines of reproducibility in different laboratory settings. Based on these premises, protocols that are used in different laboratories from sampling to analysis were compiled, and systems relying on certified material samples (CRMs) are also closely related to this.…”

“…At the same time, ELISA methods and equipment are used for quick mycotoxin measurements (Christoforidou et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015;Sineque et al, 2017). New developments in this field have been published in the latest literature (Pennington, 2017;Udomkun et al, 2017;Yan et al, 2017). For example, a novel and promising method has been presented to detect aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 and ochratoxin A in rice starting with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by LC and fluorescence detection (Lai et al, 2014;Adi and Matcha, 2018).…”

Electrochemical Immuno- and Aptasensors for Mycotoxin Determination

“…The HPLC-MS instrumentation has been applied for simultaneous determination of a number of structurally relevant mycotoxins in a single chromatographic run (multi-analysis approach). Microfluidic chips coupled with HPLC-MS allowed for the reduction of sample consumption and dead volume of the column/detector and increasing sensitivity in on-line sample pre-concentration [35]. Meanwhile, chromatographic techniques also have several drawbacks related to matrix effects.…”

Malting and Brewing Industries Encounter Fusarium spp. Related Problems

“…Fewer reagents and a short-time analysis save time and money when it comes to mycotoxin detection. Man et al [122] published a review describing mycotoxin determination in foods, using microchip technology. Various kinds of detection methods, incorporated into the microchip (optical detection, electrochemical detection, photo-electrochemical detection and label-free detection method), can be used and are described in the review paper by Man et al [122].…”

“…Man et al [122] published a review describing mycotoxin determination in foods, using microchip technology. Various kinds of detection methods, incorporated into the microchip (optical detection, electrochemical detection, photo-electrochemical detection and label-free detection method), can be used and are described in the review paper by Man et al [122]. Microchips are innovative, automatic, integrative, portable, require small amounts of sample and display a rapid sensing time.…”