Recent advances in miniaturized electrochemical analyzers for hazardous heavy metal sensing in environmental samples

Glutathione as a novel engineered biomaterial for heavy metal ion quantification and remediation

“…The immediate effects of heavy metal ions can lead to harmful ailments in the living bodies if found above permissible limits as set by the Environmental Protection agency as well as the World Health Organization. Figure 2 demonstrates the sources as well as bioaccumulation of these heavy metals into our flora and fauna [11,12] . As far as the sources of heavy metal ions are concerned, they are mostly anthropogenic, barring a few natural sources such as volcanic eruption or acid rain, etc.…”

“…In the same note, glutathione's specificity in binding with heavy metal ions allows for the development of sensors that can distinguish between different types of heavy metal ions. This selectivity is crucial for accurately identifying the presence of specific heavy metals in a complex sample [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Mn-doped ZnSQDs Pb (II), Cr (II), Hg (II) 0.93 µM for mixed HMIs [25] AgNPs Ni (II) 75 µM [26] Gold Nanostars Pb (II) 0.5 µM [27] Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, SWASV Magnetic NPs Cd (II), Pb (II) 1.6 nM (0.182 µg/L); 0.8 nM (0.172 µg/L) [28] Glassy-Carbon Electrode Cd (II) 0.05 nM [29] Carbon Paste Electrode Cd (II) 8.5 nM [30] As evident in Table 1, there are reports of lead ion detection via colorimetry where glutathione stabilized gold as well as silver nanoparticles had been effectively used [15][16][17] .…”