Recent Advances in Microbial-Assisted Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Abstract

Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Industries such as mining, manufacturing, building, etc., rapidly produce a substantial amount of Cd, posing environmental risks. Cd toxicity in crop plants decreases nutrient and water uptake and translocation, increases oxidative damage, interferes with plant metabolism and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. However, various conventional physicochemical approaches are available to remove Cd from the soil, including chemical reduction, immobilization, stabilization and electro-remediation. Nevertheless, these processes are costly and unfriendly to the environment because they require much energy, skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. In contrasting, contaminated soils can be restored by using bioremediation techniques, which use plants alone and in association with different beneficial microbes as cutting-edge approaches. This review covers the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd in various new ways. The bioremediation capability of bacteria and fungi alone and in combination with plants are studied and analyzed. Microbes, including bacteria, fungi and algae, are reported to have a high tolerance for metals, having a 98% bioremediation capability. The internal structure of microorganisms, their cell surface characteristics and the surrounding environmental circumstances are all discussed concerning how microbes detoxify metals. Moreover, issues affecting the effectiveness of bioremediation are explored, along with potential difficulties, solutions and prospects.

Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Thai Rice Cultivar (PSL2) Using Biofertilizer Containing Indigenous Cadmium-Resistant Microbial Consortia

“…Indeed, soil pH and OM were considered important factors for limiting Cd availability [33,49]. Moreover, potential parameters other than soil pH and OM, including the mineral nutrition, e.g., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe, and microorganisms in the biofertilizer itself remained effective in suppressing Cd bioaccumulation [14,33,50].…”

Synergistic interactions of nanoparticles and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhancing soil-plant systems: a multigenerational perspective

“…applied with NPs significantly reduced the detrimental impact of chromium and improved plant health. PGPRs and NPs immobilize metals via metal-immobilizing bacteria, adsorption, co-precipitation, and complexation, therefore restricting their availability in soil for uptake and translocation ( Mitra et al., 2018 ; deMoraes et al., 2021 ; Zulfiqar et al., 2023 ).…”

The role and mechanisms of microbes in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its residues bioremediation

“…Therefore, planning inoculum development should also be taken into consideration [91] . The strains should have a high potential for DDT degradation, and the selected strain could colonize the DDT-contaminated area within a short period of time [136] . The development of strains has a higher capacity to survive under high DDT concentrations [ 71 , 75 , 137 ].…”