Recent Advances in Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Nanocarriers for Controllable Drug Delivery and Release

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have a good designability, a well-defined pore, stimulus responsiveness, a high surface area, and a controllable morphology. Up to now, various MOFs have been widely used as nanocarriers and have attracted lots of attention in the field of drug delivery and release because of their good biocompatibility and high-drug-loading capacity. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of MOF-based nanocarriers for drug delivery and release over the last five years. Meanwhile, some representative examples are highlighted in detail according to four categories, including the University of Oslo MOFs, Fe-MOFs, cyclodextrin MOFs, and other MOFs. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges of MOF-based smart delivery vehicles are discussed. We hope that this review will be helpful for researchers to understand the recent developments and challenges of MOF-based drug-delivery systems.

Current status of controlled onco-therapies based on metal organic frameworks

“…Despite some already existing reviews on MOFs for cancer treatment that have classified MOFs in distinct ways such as by the delivery cargo, 23 structural components, 24 and synthetic approach, 25 we focused on controlled onco-therapeutics relying on MOFs, and classified MOFs into 6 categories, i.e. , pH-responsive, glutathione (GSH)-responsive, magnetism-responsive, light-responsive, temperature-responsive, and ultrasound-responsive, following their mechanisms of action.…”

“…Despite some already existing reviews on MOFs for cancer treatment that have classied MOFs in distinct ways such as by the delivery cargo, 23 structural components, 24 and synthetic approach, 25 we focused on controlled onco-therapeutics relying on MOFs, and classied MOFs into 6 categories, i.e., pHresponsive, glutathione (GSH)-responsive, magnetismresponsive, light-responsive, temperature-responsive, and ultrasound-responsive, following their mechanisms of action. Accordingly, we discussed the therapeutic potential of these MOFs in functioning as the drug nano-carrier targeting tumor cells and/or the tumor microenvironment (TME) taking advantages of the acidity and redox properties of the targets, as well as in acting as anti-cancer agents sensitive to external physical perturbations.…”

Effect of a Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Structure on the Properties of Its Composite with Polyaniline

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel materials with a modular structure, which consists of metal cluster nodes bound by organic linkers . Due to their flexible composition and functionalization paired with porous structure and high specific surface area, they can be used for drug delivery, − catalysis, − sensing, − or gas storage − and can be attractive templates for PANI-based composites. ,, However, they are considered to have relatively low thermal, hydrothermal, and chemical stability, which can hinder their applicability . Development of Zr-based MOFs, such as UiO-66 and its derivatives, showing superior thermal stability is a step toward overcoming the mentioned drawbacks. , UiO-66, which consists of Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 clusters bound by terephthalic acid ligands, and its derivative UiO-66-NH 2 with 2-aminoterephthalic acid as a ligand have been successfully used as templates for the synthesis of PANI-based composites. − PANI-UiO-66 or PANI-UiO-66-NH 2 was prepared by either chemical − or electrochemical approaches and used as sensors, , adsorbents, , and supercapacitor electrode materials. − The most common chemical polymerization procedure included oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of the MOF dispersion. − , The resulting composite materials were found to have high specific surface area ,, and excellent electrochemical performance. , However, most of the published works do not study the effect of the MOF nature and functionalization on the structure and properties of the prepared materials, which is important for their further development and designing the products with desired characteristics.…”

Fabrication of a Curcumin@Cu‐BTC MOF Smart Anti‐Corrosion Coating for Copper

“…Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of metal ions connected by organic linkers are excellent candidate for this purpose due to their important loading capability, biocompatibility, and convenient synthesis under mild conditions. [11] MOFs can encapsulate inhibitors well and release them at the appropriate time in response to the stimuli. [12] Cu-BTC copper-based MOF, in which Cu(II) metal units are connected by benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC) linkers, can be used as corrosion inhibitor carrier.…”

“…Carriers of corrosion inhibitors in smart coatings should be able to create a temporary bond with the inhibitors and as soon as the corrosion by‐products are released, their bond with the inhibitor is broken and by releasing the inhibitor, they decrease the rate of corrosion. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of metal ions connected by organic linkers are excellent candidate for this purpose due to their important loading capability, biocompatibility, and convenient synthesis under mild conditions [11] . MOFs can encapsulate inhibitors well and release them at the appropriate time in response to the stimuli [12] .…”