Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine–Combination Therapy

Abstract

The anti-metabolite drug gemcitabine is widely used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. At present, gemcitabine is administered as a hydrochloride salt that is delivered by slow intravenous injection in cycles of three or four weeks. Although regarded as a ‘front-line’ chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is hampered by poor target cell specificity, sub-optimal cellular uptake, rapid clearance from circulation, the development of chemoresistance, and undesirable side-effects. The use of organic, inorganic, and metal-based nanoparticles as delivery agents presents an opportunity to overcome these limitations and safely harness optimal drug efficacy and enhance their therapeutic indices. Among the many and varied nano delivery agents explored, the greatest body of knowledge has been generated in the field of lipid-mediated delivery. We review here the liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, exosomes, lipid-polymer hybrids, and other novel lipid-based agents that have been developed within the past six years for the delivery of gemcitabine and its co-drugs.

An Innovative Formulation Based on Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Imatinib Delivery: Pre-Formulation, Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity Studies

“…Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies also cause nanoparticles to move into the clinical arena. The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity results indicated that the increased cellular uptake of IMT and reduction of IMT toxicity on CRL-1739 were obtained with NLCSs and were found to be in accordance with previously reported studies [55][56][57].…”

No Solid Colloidal Carriers: Aspects Thermodynamic the Immobilization Chitinase and Laminarinase in Liposome

“…Niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, and long-lasting, allowing for controlled and sustained drug administration to the target site (Habib and Singh, 2021). Papain is a proteolytic enzyme that is generated from the latex of the Carica papaya plant and is used to repair wounds.…”

Drug Delivery of Natural Products Through Nanocarriers for Effective Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

“… 61 They are spherical lipid vesicles consisting of an aqueous core that is surrounded by at least one phospholipid bilayer. 62 Due to the amphipathic nature of phospholipids, liposomes are capable of loading both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs into the lipid bilayer and the aqueous internal compartments, respectively. 59 , 61 In 1995, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, making it the first FDA-approved nanomedicine.…”