Recent Advances in Lipase Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions to Synthesize N‐Heterocycles

Abstract

Biocatalysis has been an emerging field in organic synthetic chemistry in recent years and significantly expanded the application of enzymes. Further, the concept of enzymatic promiscuity, where an enzyme catalyzes reactions beyond its natural function, has been recognized as a valuable phenomenon that can enhance the versatility of an enzyme as a biocatalyst. Recent advancements in organic synthesis, driven by the demand for more efficient and environmentally friendly processes, have led to the development of enzyme‐catalyzed multicomponent reactions such as Biginelli reaction, Hantzsch synthesis, Mannich, Ugi, etc. for the synthesis of N‐Heterocyclic compounds. While a number of enzymes have played an important role in this context, lipase enzyme is still indispensable due to its low cost, easy availability, and higher organic solvent tolerance. In particular, the immobilization of lipase enzyme on various supports enhances its stability, reusability, and efficiency in catalyzing organic transformation, which expands its role beyond traditional biocatalytic methods. In this review, we have mainly compiled the findings that highlight the synthetic applications of lipases in manufacturing several types of N‐containing heterocyclic compounds.

Tuning Almond Lipase Features by Using Different Immobilization Supports

“…This is due to their robustness, lack of cofactors and wide specificity, and ability to accept a wide variety of substrates. Their high stability has enabled the use of lipases in a wide variety of reaction media (e.g., aqueous [7,8], organic solvents [2,9], supercritical fluids [10,11], ionic liquids [12][13][14][15][16], eutectic solvents [17,18], solvent-free systems [19]), and their variety of substrates permits to use them in a diversity of industrial areas [20] (wastewater treatment [21], food [22][23][24], energy [25,26], cosmetic [27], pharmaceutical [28][29][30], fine chemistry [31][32][33][34][35][36]). They can be used in hydrolysis [7,8], acidolysis [37,38], interesterifications [39,40], esterifications [19,41,42], transesterifications [25,43], amidations [44][45][46], etc.…”