Recent advances in lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs): precursors, fabrications, properties, and applications

Abstract

To meet the huge market demand for carbon fibers (CFs), great efforts have been focused on developing low-cost and sustainable CFs with comparable properties. Lignin, a polyaromatic heteropolymer in nature,...

Acetylated lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches and its electrospun nanofibres with PVA: Potential carbon fibre precursor

“…Lignin is the largest source of natural-based aromatic functional groups and is considered as a low-cost precursor for carbon fibre precursor [ 4 ]. Therefore, lignin has the potential for cutting-edge applications and improving the overall economy of the relevant industry, particularly those that are related to the carbon fibre materials [ 5 ]. Lignin has been extensively researched for its potential as an alternative precursor to PAN over the past 10 years [ [6] , [7] , [8] ].…”

Fabrication of graphitized carbon fibers from fusible lignin and their application in supercapacitors

“…Lignin, an inexpensive biopolymer with high carbon content and excellent biodegradability, receives considerable interest (Li et al, 2021a;Wang et al, 2022). Despite being the second most common form of biomass on Earth, most lignin is burned for energy recovery, and only 5% of the material is utilized to produce biobased products, causing severe lignin underutilization and wastage (Bengtsson et al, 2020; Lobato-Peralta et al, 2021; Sun et al, 2022;Zhu et al, 2020). Consequently, novel use of lignin must be identi ed to raise its value.…”

“…Conventional preparation of lignin-based carbon bers (LCFs) follows these steps: 1) fabricating lignin bers (LFs) via spinning technology; 2) stabilizing the bers using chemical or thermal treatment to obtain lignin-based stabilized bers (LSFs) as CF precursors; 3) carbonization under thousands Celsius to prepare CFs; 4) functionalizing CFs to afford unique morphological and structural properties, such as large surface area, appropriate pore size distribution, and graphitic carbon structure (Bengtsson et Yang et al, 2016). Among these steps, ber stabilization process is the most expensive as it takes over 30 hours and accounts for a greater proportion of the entire cost of CF production (Sun et al, 2022). LCFs with graphitic structures are favored as electrode materials in energy storage devices (Dasari et al, 2017 Herein, fusible polyethylene glycol lignin (PEGL) bers were rst prepared using melt-spinning without solvents.…”

Nano-sulfur confined in a 3D carbon nanotube/graphene network as a free-standing cathode for high-performance Li–S batteries

“…23,24 Furthermore, CNTs and graphene have robust mechanical properties that can show exible performance when serving as conductive agents. 25 Some successful examples were reported using carbon nanotubes or graphene as sulfur hosts for lithium-sulfur batteries. For example, Li et al 26 have synthesized a freestanding graphene supported MXene@S electrode.…”