Recent advances in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma

Pria, Alessia Dalla; Pinato, David J.; Bracchi, Margherita; Bower, Mark

doi:10.12688/f1000research.17401.1

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The reported upregulation of PD‐1/PD‐L1 expression supports that KS can be treated with anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy. Similar to the favorable treatment response of patients with polyomavirus‐related Merkel cell carcinoma, cases with endemic KS and HIV‐associated refractory KS show a promising response to the anti‐PD‐1 antibody nivolumab 20,30,31 . This response has even been observed in PD‐1/PD‐L1‐negative cases 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression in Kaposi sarcoma: A comparative study according to the pathological stage and clinical characteristics

et al. 2020

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Background Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a mesenchymal tumor with distinct histopathological features according to stage of progression. Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligand PD‐L1 play major roles in the immune escape strategy of tumors. Objectives This study evaluated expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 in various stages of KS and investigated associations between their expression and clinical characteristics. Methods Fifty cases with histopathologically diagnosed KS were classified as early or late stage. These specimens were stained with anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. The extent of expression in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas was judged by two dermatopathologists. Results PD‐1 and PD‐L1 were expressed in 72.2% (13/18) and 11.1% (2/18) of early‐stage cases, respectively, compared with 43.8% (14/32) and 28.1% (9/32) of late‐stage cases, respectively. At the late stage, PD‐1 expression was significantly higher in the peritumoral area than in the intratumoral area (P = 0.001). PD‐1 expression in the intratumoral area was significantly higher at the early stage than at the late stage (P = 0.013). PD‐L1 expression in the peritumoral area was significantly higher at the late stage than at the early stage (P = 0.038). Conclusions The pattern of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression differs according to the stage of KS, but is unaffected by clinical variables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression in Kaposi sarcoma: A comparative study according to the pathological stage and clinical characteristics

et al. 2020

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“…Patients with HIV infection were generally excluded from the clinical trials with immune checkpoint blockade, because of the safety concerns and the potential adverse outcomes (259)(260)(261)(262). Case reports and clinical trials focusing on various types of malignancies for HIV infected patients started to emerge since 2017 (218,(263)(264)(265)(266)(267)(268)(269)(270)(271)(272)(273).…”

Section: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Treatment For Malignancies In Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure?

2020

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Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there remains immune activation which is associated to the HIV reservoirs. Persistent virus contributes to a sustained inflammatory environment promoting accumulation of "activated/exhausted" T cells with diminished effector function. These T cells show increased expression of immunomodulatory receptors including Programmed cell death protein (PD1), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM3) among others. More importantly, recent reports had demonstrated that, HIV infected T cells express checkpoint receptors, contributing to their survival and promoting maintenance of the viral reservoir. Therapeutic strategies are focused on viral reservoir elimination and/or those to achieve sustained cART-free virologic remission. In this review, we will discuss the immunological basis and the latest advances of the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat HIV infection.

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“…Since the pathogenesis of KS is often associated with a dysregulated immune system, immunomodulators are actively studied as targeted treatment for KS. Some immunomodulatory therapies against KS have been disappointing, while others have shown promise [ 92 ]. For instance, bevacizumab (an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody) has a low response rate in KS treatment, despite VEGF being a growth factor for KS cells [ 93 ].…”

Section: Immunomodulators In Ks Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Ngalamika

Munsaka

2020

Journal of Immunology Research

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Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative malignancy whose associated etiologic agent is the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS is the most prevalent malignancy among HIV-infected individuals globally and is considered an AIDS-defining malignancy. The different forms of KS including HIV-associated KS, iatrogenic (immunosuppression-related) KS, and classical KS in elderly males suggest that immune cell dysregulation is among the key components in promoting KS development in KSHV-infected individuals. It is therefore expected that different cell types of the immune system likely play distinct roles in promoting or inhibiting KS development. This narrative review is focused on discussing cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems in KSHV infection and KS pathogenesis, including how these cells can be useful in the control of KSHV infection and treatment of KS.

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Recent advances in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma

Cited by 24 publications

References 55 publications

PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression in Kaposi sarcoma: A comparative study according to the pathological stage and clinical characteristics

PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression in Kaposi sarcoma: A comparative study according to the pathological stage and clinical characteristics

The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure?

Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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