Recent Advances in Electrode Materials with Anion Redox Chemistry for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offers new opportunities to address the depletion of Li and Co resources; however, their implementation is hindered by their relatively low capacities and moderate operation voltages and resulting low energy densities. To overcome these limitations, considerable attention has been focused on anionic redox reactions, which proceed at high voltages with extra capacity. This manuscript covers the origin and recent development of anionic redox electrode materials for SIBs, including state-of-the-art P2- and O3-type layered oxides. We sequentially analyze the anion activity–structure–performance relationship in electrode materials. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges and suggest new strategies for future research in anion-redox cathode materials for SIBs.

Recent Development of Integrated Systems of Microsupercapacitors

“…This is because MSCs have high-power density but a relative low energy density, which are not enough to power energy-consuming electronics for a long time. In this aspect, batteries with high energy density [69][70][71] can be expected to improve the energy output of microdevices by integrating into the MSC system. Therefore, rational design and assembly of microbatteries and MSCs as cooperated power source may be helpful for the development of integrated MSCs and sensor devices…”

Effect of Different Nitrogen Configurations on Sodium Storage Properties of Carbon Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…To date, applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continue to expand from portable electronics to electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage grids, owing to their stability, high energy densities, and high safety. − However, the inhomogeneous distribution, limited lithium resource reserves, cost fluctuation, and increasing demand make LIBs rise in price continually. , Therefore, in the long run, it is necessary to search for an alternative and acceptable low cost and effective energy storage system. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs), as highly promising candidates for LIBs, are attracting attention due to their low-cost and the abundance and wide distribution of sodium resources. − …”

Ultrathin Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interface Layer-Coated Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon as an Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…Graphite is widely used as an anode material for LIBs but provides an extremely low capacity for SIBs (∼30 mAh g –1 ). , This is due to the mismatch of the interlayer distance of graphite and the size of sodium ions and thermodynamic instability of the sodium graphite intercalation compound. , Hard carbon materials with an expanded interlayer distance between two graphene layers exhibit a high capacity (∼250 mAh g –1 ) and low operation potential (0.2 V vs Na/Na + ). Hence, these materials are considered as potential anodes of SIBs. , Many strategies have been used to prepare various hard carbon materials by direct chemical synthesis − and carbonization of polymers or biomass for energy storage applications. − Among them, hard carbons derived from biomass are the most promising candidate for anodes of SIBs because of their sustainability, resource abundance, and simple fabrication process. ,, Furthermore, the biomass precursors of the hard carbon always possess special microstructures, which have many advantages for electrochemical performances even after carbonization at high temperatures. , Nevertheless, the hard carbons have several issues for practical applications, such as low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), high irreversible capacity loss, and low rate performances. − These drawbacks have been widely investigated by many studies. − The poor electrochemical performances arise from the turbostratic graphite-like structures with a defect-rich surface. The microstructure features cause a high contact surface area with an electrolyte that facilitates uneven and continuous growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer during the charge–discharge cycles .…”