Recent advances in electrocatalytic chloride oxidation for chlorine gas production

Wang, Yihan; Liu, Yangyang; Wiley, Dianne E.; Zhao, Shenlong; Tang, Zhiyong

doi:10.1039/d1ta02745j

Cited by 93 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…In recent findings, researchers established three different mechanistic routes for Cl-Cl coupling, that is, Volmer-Heyrovsky, Volmer-Tafel, and Krishtalik (Equation (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)). [31] Volmer reaction…”

Section: Challenges In Seawater Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies of Anode Design for Seawater Electrolysis: Recent Development and Future Perspective

Haq

Haik

2022

Small Science

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Compared with freshwater splitting, seawater electrolysis has more spaces to be explored, which is primarily attributed to the additional critical catalytic challenges of the competition between anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and chlorine chemistry, deep corrosion, and site blocking due to the presence of chloride ions and insoluble particulate in seawater. However, if direct seawater electrolysis can be realized, it would revolutionize the energy and environmental sectors. In this review, the current effective strategies are summarized, including electronic modulation, oxygen vacancies creation, amorphous and porous structure design, corrosion-resistant passive layer decoration, and creating strong catalyst-support interactions. The review also provides insights for seawater electrolysis on rational design of the OER catalyst with high selectivity, activity, corrosion resistance, chemical, and mechanical durability. Beyond the progress made to date, a perspective in the fabrication of high-performance anodes for direct seawater electrolysis is also proposed. Collectively, this review will shed light on the rational design of a viable anode for massive and sustainable hydrogen fuel production from immense seawater.

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Section: Challenges In Seawater Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies of Anode Design for Seawater Electrolysis: Recent Development and Future Perspective

Haq

Haik

2022

Small Science

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“…The chlor-alkali process as the primary means for chlorine (Cl 2 ) manufacture is one of the largest industrial electrochemical technologies [1,2]. Electrocatalysis is the heart of the cost-intensive chlor-alkali industry since it has the demonstrated capacity for a series of energy-related applications including chlorine evolution reaction (CER), oxygen reduc-tion reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) [3][4][5][6]. The anodic CER can be achieved through electrolyzing a concentrated brine solution by applying a direct electric current (2Cl − → Cl 2 + 2e − , U CER = 1.36 V vs. SHE) [3,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrocatalysis is the heart of the cost-intensive chlor-alkali industry since it has the demonstrated capacity for a series of energy-related applications including chlorine evolution reaction (CER), oxygen reduc-tion reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) [3][4][5][6]. The anodic CER can be achieved through electrolyzing a concentrated brine solution by applying a direct electric current (2Cl − → Cl 2 + 2e − , U CER = 1.36 V vs. SHE) [3,7]. The development of a highperformance electrocatalyst for CER is essential for its commercialization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Arsenene Monolayer: A Promising Electrocatalyst for Anodic Chlorine Evolution Reaction

et al. 2022

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Materials innovation plays an essential role to address the increasing demands of gaseous chlorine from anodic chlorine evolution reaction (CER) in chlor-alkali electrolysis. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting group-VA monolayers were theoretically screened for the electrochemical CER by means of the density functional theory (DFT) method. Our results reveal the monolayered β-arsenene has the ultralow thermodynamic overpotential of 0.068 V for CER, which is close to that of the commercial Ru/Ir-based dimensionally stable anode (DSA) of 0.08 V @ 10 mA cm−2 and 0.13 V from experiments and theory, respectively. The change of CER pathways via Cl* intermediate on 2D β-arsenene also efficiently suppresses the parasitical oxygen gas production because of a high theoretical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of 1.95 V. Our findings may therefore expand the scope of the electrocatalysts design for CER by using emerging 2D materials.

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“…The second S H 2 reaction between alkyl radicals and molecular chlorine then occurs to give the C-H chlorinated product and a chlorine radical, sustaining the radical chain. Chlorine gas is a cheap feedstock since it is formed as a byproduct of the electrolysis of NaCl to produce NaOH in an industrial process [7]. We felt that C-H chlorination would be updated by using scalable flash chemistry [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed C–H chlorination of ethylene carbonate using a new photoflow setup

Kasakado¹,

Fukuyama²,

Nakagawa³

et al. 2022

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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We report the high-speed C–H chlorination of ethylene carbonate, which gives chloroethylene carbonate, a precursor to vinylene carbonate. A novel photoflow setup designed for a gas–liquid biphasic reaction turned out to be useful for the direct use of chlorine gas. The setup employed sloped channels so as to make the liquid phase thinner, ensuring a high surface-to-volume ratio. When ethylene carbonate was introduced to the reactor, the residence time was measured to be 15 or 30 s, depending on the slope of the reactor set at 15 or 5°, respectively. Such short time of exposition sufficed the photo C–H chlorination. The partial irradiation of the flow channels also sufficed for the C–H chlorination, which is consistent with the requirement of photoirradiation for the purpose of radical initiation. Near-complete selectivity for single chlorination required the low conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 9%, which was controlled by limited introduction of chlorine gas. At a higher conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 61%, the selectivity for monochlorinated ethylene carbonate over dichlorinated ethylene carbonate was 86%. We found that the substrate contamination with water negatively influenced the performance of the C–H chlorination.

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Recent advances in electrocatalytic chloride oxidation for chlorine gas production

Abstract: Chlorine gas is one of the most basic chemicals produced through electrolysis of brine solution which is a key raw material for many areas of industrial chemistry. In the past...

Cited by 93 publications

References 96 publications

Strategies of Anode Design for Seawater Electrolysis: Recent Development and Future Perspective

Strategies of Anode Design for Seawater Electrolysis: Recent Development and Future Perspective

β-Arsenene Monolayer: A Promising Electrocatalyst for Anodic Chlorine Evolution Reaction

High-speed C–H chlorination of ethylene carbonate using a new photoflow setup

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