Recent advances in diverse nanosystems for nitric oxide delivery in cancer therapy

Anti-proliferative, -migratory and -clonogenic effects of long-lasting nitric oxide release in HepG2 cells

“…C-AM is a membrane permeable dye that stains the live cells while dead cells are stained by membrane impermeable PI that binds to the nucleus due to compromised membrane of dead cells. 24 The most extensively studied cytotoxic effect of NO is through DNA damage 25 and our results do suggest the same with more dead cells after treatment with compound 1 at its IC 50 value as compared to non-treated cells.…”

“…29 Several studies report different mechanisms like inhibition of HIF 1a, 30 mitochondrial respiration, 31 and or DNA synthesis for anticancer effects, and we will surely aim at exploring the mechanism of our results in future studies. We would also like to design combinatorial therapy with nonconventional systems 25 like immunotherapy, PDT (photodynamic therapy), or PTT (photothermal therapy) and work towards overcoming multidrug resistance with NO donor derivatives in the future.…”

Gas Therapy: Generating, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications

“…Although CO could demonstrate a high efficacy in cancer therapy by increasing the damage of mitochondria, the efficiency can be compromised by protective mitophagy (autophagy) [223] . To address this issue, Xiao et al integrated cannabidiol into CO nanocomplexes (HMPOC@M) to induce excessive autophagy (Figure 16b) [223] . The H2O2 in the tumor environment stimulated the CO donor and generated CO and Mn 2+ .…”

State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Nanomaterials Combined with Nitric Oxide Donors: From Biomedical to Agricultural Applications

“…In biomedical applications, NO is currently loaded in nanomaterials by three main mechanisms: (i) internal loading of NO donors, i.e., inside micelles, polymeric NPs or entrapped in porous NPs; (ii) surface functionalization based on physicochemical or electrostatic interaction between the NO donor and the NP surface, or through a chemical functionalization on the NPs’ surface, such as covalently binding molecules of interest; and (iii) direct incorporation of NO donor molecules during the NPs’ synthesis, usually known as one-pot synthesis, as shown in Figure . Despite different strategies for synthesizing NO-releasing nanomaterials, all of them focus on controlling the release rate and concentration, and promoting NO delivery to targeted sites .…”

“…With respect to tumor treatments based on NO, there is still a concern regarding the controversial mechanisms against tumor cells . In the past decade, it was demonstrated that, at low concentrations (<300 nmol/L), NO is related to an increase in cGMP, protein kinase B, and hypoxia-inducible factor, correlated with angiogenesis promotion, and proliferative and antiapoptotic responses of tumoral cells. , On the other hand, when the concentration is above 300 nmol/L, it was demonstrated that NO is able to increase MKP-1 expression and the phosphorylation of p53, as well as to inhibit cellular respiration, thus leading to cell death .…”