Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches in Fungal Keratitis: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Fungal keratitis represents a potentially sight-threatening infection associated with poor prognosis, as well as financial burden. Novel diagnostic methods include polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based approaches, metagenomic deep sequences, in vivo confocal microscopy, and antifungal susceptibility testing. The ideal therapeutic approaches and outcomes have been widely discussed in recent times, with early therapy being of the utmost importance for the preservation of visual acuity, minimizing corneal damage and reducing the scar size. However, combination therapy can be more efficacious compared to monotherapy. Understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prevention strategies can be of great importance. In this narrative, we discuss the recent progress that may aid our understanding of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mycotic keratitis.

A Pilot Comparative Study between Creatinine- and Cystatin-C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR and Kidney Ultrasound Percentiles in Children with Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

“…The male population represented 59.38%, and 56.7% the patients were from urban areas. In comparison with other studies, the gender di bution and regional origin within this cohort appear consistent with general demograp trends [1,3,[28][29][30]. However, the median age at diagnosis and examination, along with wide interquartile range, suggest variability in the timing of anomaly detection and c cal assessment, which may differ from findings in other populations; each country different health care systems, the number of antenatal scans as per protocol varies and addressability of an ultrasound depends on the socio-economic status of the coun [1,28].…”

Tiny Lungs, Big Differences: Navigating the Varied COVID-19 Landscape in Neonates vs. Infants via Biomarkers and Lung Ultrasound

“…This study investigated the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on newborns and young children, using a real-time multiplex PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test for diagnosis [26]. This study meticulously watched and recorded numerous indicators and symptoms with the purpose of comprehending the wide range of consequences this virus has on these patients.…”

Aldose Reductase as a Key Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Comprehensive Review

“…Preclinical studies utilizing gene therapy to inhibit aldose reductase expression or activity have shown promising results in animal models of diabetic retinopathy. These studies have demonstrated improvements in retinal function, preservation of retinal structure, and attenuation of vascular abnormalities following gene-based aldose reductase inhibition [59]. While these preclinical findings are encouraging, translating gene therapy approaches targeting aldose reductase inhibition into clinical practice for DR requires further investigation.…”

“…There have been a few studies using Western blot for the determination of AR in various tissues before and after treatment with an ARI [53]. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a accurate and efficient molecular investigation [59], which can be utilized to measure aldose reductase mRNA…”

“…There have been a few studies using Western blot for the determination of AR in various tissues before and after treatment with an ARI [53]. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a accurate and efficient molecular investigation [59], which can be utilized to measure aldose reductase mRNA levels in the retina, as well as in the cornea, ciliary body, iris and lens [60]. RNA sequencing analysis can also demonstrate the downregulation of cytokine and inflammatory-related genes following AR inhibition [54,61].…”