Recent Advances in Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents

Khan, Abdul Wadood; Ansari, S. H.; Ali, Javed; Sharma, Rakesh Kumar

doi:10.14429/dsj.63.2882

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Porous substances with human exposure can be decontaminated only by meticulous UV light and an ozone exposure treatment. A RSDL (reactive skin decontamination lotion) kit is a topical decontamination solution that minimizes toxic effects from exposure to chemical warfare agents (VX and HD) and the T-2 toxin [ 106 ]. T-2 and other fabricated mycotoxins were assessed with immune-affinity monolithic arrays, which were proved as a sensitive, stable and economical tool to be used with food samples [ 85 ].…”

Section: Regulatory Guidelines and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

et al. 2017

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Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungus which causes food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis in animals and humans. In particular, trichothecenes mycotoxin produced by genus fusarium is agriculturally more important worldwide due to the potential health hazards they pose. It is mainly metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites with the hydroxy trichothecenes-2 toxin being the major metabolite. Trichothecene is hazardously intoxicating due to their additional potential to be topically absorbed, and their metabolites affect the gastrointestinal tract, skin, kidney, liver, and immune and hematopoietic progenitor cellular systems. Sensitivity to this type of toxin varying from dairy cattle to pigs, with the most sensitive endpoints being neural, reproductive, immunological and hematological effects. The mechanism of action mainly consists of the inhibition of protein synthesis and oxidative damage to cells followed by the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis and ensuing apoptosis. In this review, the possible hazards, historical significance, toxicokinetics, and the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects along with regulatory guidelines and recommendations pertaining to the trichothecene mycotoxin are discussed. Furthermore, various techniques utilized for toxin determination, pathophysiology, prophylaxis and treatment using herbal antioxidant compounds and regulatory guidelines and recommendations are reviewed. The prospects of the trichothecene as potential hazardous agents, decontamination strategies and future perspectives along with plausible therapeutic uses are comprehensively described.

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Section: Regulatory Guidelines and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

et al. 2017

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“…Highly toxic OP nerve agents such as Sarin, Soman and VX constitute a global risk of growing concern 1 – 3 , as recently noted in the news. Materials and methods aimed at the sequestration and decomposition of OP compounds have been developed in the past, including oxidation with bleach and related reagents, detoxification by (catalytic) hydrolysis, and degradation involving biochemical approaches 3 – 5 . However, many of these materials and processes are effective only in the aqueous phase, and thus not practical when OP compounds are deployed as aerosols or gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic-Level Structural Dynamics of Polyoxoniobates during DMMP Decomposition

Wang

Chapleski

Płonka

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Ambient pressure in situ synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques have been correlated to illuminate atomic-level details of bond breaking and formation during the hydrolysis of a chemical warfare nerve agent simulant over a polyoxometalate catalyst. Specifically, a Cs8[Nb6O19] polyoxoniobate catalyst has been shown to react readily with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The atomic-level transformations of all reactant moieties, the [Nb6O19]8− polyanion, its Cs+ counterions, and the DMMP substrate, were tracked under ambient conditions by a combination of X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Results reveal that the reaction mechanism follows general base (in contrast to specific base) hydrolysis. Together with computational results, the work demonstrates that the ultimate fate of DMMP hydrolysis at the Cs8[Nb6O19] catalyst is strong binding of the (methyl) methylphosphonic acid ((M)MPA) product to the polyanions, which ultimately inhibits catalytic turnover.

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“…Sulfur mustards, particularly bis(2‐chloroethyl)sulfide (HD), are a well‐documented class of chemical warfare agent (CWA) . They act as vesicants, reacting through the cyclic intermediate shown in Scheme with biological macromolecules such as DNA .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulfur mustards, particularly bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide( HD), are aw ell-documented class of chemical warfare agent (CWA). [1] They act as vesicants, reacting through the cyclic intermediate shown in Scheme 1 [2] with biological macromolecules such as DNA. [3][4][5][6] Furthermore, there are currently no medicalc ountermeasures available to treat the basic cause of am ustard agent injury.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%