Recent Advances in CRP Biosensor Based on Electrical, Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactive protein that appears in the bloodstream in response to inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 produced by adipocytes and macrophages during the acute phase of the inflammatory/infectious process. CRP measurement is widely used as a representative acute and chronic inflammatory disease marker. With the development of diagnostic techniques measuring CRP more precisely than before, CRP is being used not only as a traditional biomarker but also as a biomarker for various diseases. The existing commercialized CRP assays are dominated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA has high selectivity and sensitivity, but its limitations include requiring complex analytic processes, long analysis times, and professional manpower. To overcome these problems, nanobiotechnology is able to provide alternative diagnostic tools. By introducing the nanobio hybrid material to the CRP biosensors, CRP can be measured more quickly and accurately, and highly sensitive biosensors can be used as portable devices. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in electrochemical, electricity, and spectroscopy-based CRP biosensors composed of biomaterial and nanomaterial hybrids.

Risk factors and predictive models of poor prognosis and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with hydrocephalus

“…When the body is injured or under the action of inflammatory factors, the liver will rapidly produce CRP and release it into the peripheral blood. The CRP in peripheral blood increased rapidly in a short time ( 36 – 38 ). In patients with aSAH complicated with acute hydrocephalus, a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced under the inflammatory signal transduction pathway, and the liver rapidly produces a large amount of CRP under the action of IL-1, IL-6 and other factors ( 39 ).…”

Recent Developments in DNA-Nanotechnology-Powered Biosensors for Zika/Dengue Virus Molecular Diagnostics

“…CV, the method introduced in this section, is a technique commonly used for the characterization of redox reactions on the electrode surface [ 78 , 79 ]. This technique, controlled by an electrochemical workstation, measures the potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode in the cycle phase, increases linearly with time, and measures the current generated by applying a triangular wave voltage [ 57 , 80 , 81 , 82 ]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool used for probing the electrode surfaces.…”

“…This has advantages such as, it is cost-effective, has a small size, has high sensitivity and specificity, and can detect biological and chemical substances in real time without labeling. Optical-based biosensors utilize the interaction of an analyte with an optical field for optical detection and emit an optical signal that is directly proportional to the analyte concentration [ 57 , 107 ]. Figure 6 shows a schematic of the optical measurements.…”

“…Biosensors are portable and easy to handle; therefore, they can be used directly in the field [ 56 ]. Methods for detecting target substances using biosensors include electrochemical [ 57 , 58 ], electrical [ 59 , 60 ], and optical methods [ 61 ]. Furthermore, various virus detection biosensors based on DNA nanotechnology have been developed.…”

Development of a Point-of-Care System Based on White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy: Application in CRP Determination

“…In this way, early diagnosis can be achieved through swift medical decisions and timely treatment initiation [19][20][21]. To this direction, different types of biosensors [12,18,[22][23][24], based mainly on electrochemical [25][26][27] or optical transducers [28][29][30], have been proposed for CRP determination. Furthermore, portable and bench-top analyzers are commercially available and provide very fast CRP detection [12,17,31].…”