Recent Advances in Camel Immunology

Hussen, Jamal; Schuberth, Hans‐Joachim

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.614150

Cited by 45 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 219 publications

(327 reference statements)

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“…Dromedary camels are known for their well-adaptation to the extreme hot desert environment, with the capability to elevate their body temperature to 41-42 • C during severe hot (2,3,5,6). In addition, camels, in comparison to other species from the same geographical area, show higher resistance to several infectious diseases (2,18,(39)(40)(41)(42). This suggests the existence of specific adaptation mechanisms of the camel immune system that allow their survival and higher resistance to diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies in camel immunology have enabled the characterization of several subpopulations of camel leukocytes, including camel monocyte subsets, some subsets of camel lymphocytes, and camel neutrophilic granulocytes (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Neutrophils and monocytes are circulating myeloid immune cells with key roles in innate immunity to bacterial infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in Cell Vitality, Phenotype, and Function of Dromedary Camel Leukocytes After Whole Blood Exposure to Heat Stress in vitro

Hussen

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is well-adapted to the desert environment with the ability to tolerate increased internal body temperatures rising daily to 41–42°C during extreme hot. This study was undertaken to assess whether in vitro incubation of camel blood at 41°C, simulating conditions of heat stress, differently alters cell vitality, phenotype, and function of leukocytes, compared to incubation at 37°C (normothermia). Using flow cytometry, the cell vitality (necrosis and apoptosis), the expression of several cell markers and adhesion molecules, and the antimicrobial functions of camel leukocytes were analyzed in vitro. The fraction of apoptotic cells within the granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes increased significantly after incubation of camel whole blood at 41°C for 4 h. The higher increase in apoptotic granulocytes and monocytes compared to lymphocytes suggests higher resistance of camel lymphocytes to heat stress. Functionally, incubation of camel blood at 41°C for 4 h enhanced the phagocytosis and ROS production activities of camel neutrophils and monocytes toward S. aureus. Monocytes from camel blood incubated at 41°C for 4 h significantly decreased their expression level of MHC class II molecules with no change in the abundance of CD163, resulting in a CD163high MHC-IIlow M2-like macrophage phenotype. In addition, heat stress treatment showed an inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced changes in camel monocytes phenotype. Furthermore, in vitro incubation of camel blood at 41°C reduced the expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD18 and CD11a on neutrophils and monocytes. Collectively, the present study identified some heat-stress-induced phenotypic and functional alterations in camel blood leukocytes, providing a paradigm for comparative immunology in the large animals. The clinical relevance of the observed changes in camel leukocytes for the adaptation of the camel immune response to heat stress conditions needs further in vitro and in vivo studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Cell Vitality, Phenotype, and Function of Dromedary Camel Leukocytes After Whole Blood Exposure to Heat Stress in vitro

Hussen

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Lymphocytes are the most abundant leukocyte subpopulation in camel blood, followed by neutrophils [17]. T and B lymphocytes, together with the antigen processing cells (APC), are critical for the regulation of the adaptive immune response [92].…”

Section: Cellular Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccine development to combat camel diseases to enhance camel welfare depends greatly on detailed insights into the mechanisms of camel adaptive immune responses. Unfortunately, the available body of literature about the camel immune system and mechanisms of recognition and immunogenetic diversity suffers from wide gaps [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the available data on the camel immune system and its responses are scarce, in the last decade important information has been disclosed on some camel immune organs and the mucous associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) [18] [19]. On the molecular immunology level, data has become accessible about the diversity of antibody genes and the major histocompatibility (MHC) polymorphism that could define its repertoire [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses

Ramadan¹,

Salem²,

Alshubaith³

et al. 2021

OJVM

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The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV; brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel's thymus, tonsils, and peyer's patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.

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Non‐enzymatic glycation and aggregation of camel immunoglobulins induce breast cancer cell proliferation

Alafaleq,

Alruwaished,

Khan

et al. 2023

J of Molecular Recognition

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Glycation of biomolecules results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been implicated in the progression of various diseases, including diabetes and cancer. This study purified three IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3) from Camelus dromedarius colostrum using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographic procedures. SDS‐PAGE was performed to confirm the purity and molecular weight of the IgG subclasses. Several biochemical and biophysical techniques were employed to study the effect of glycation on camel IgG using methylglyoxal (MGO), a dicarbonyl sugar. Early glycation measurement showed an increase in the fructosamine content by ~four‐fold in IgG2, ~two‐fold in IgG3, and a slight rise in IgG1. AGEs were observed in all classes of IgGs with maximum hyperchromicity (96.6%) in IgG2. Furthermore, glycation‐induced oxidation of IgGs led to an increase in carbonyl content and loss of ‐SH groups. Among subclass, IgG2 showed the highest (39.7%) increase in carbonyl content accompanied by 82.5% decrease in ‐SH groups. Far UV‐CD analysis illustrated perturbation of β‐sheet structure during glycation reaction with MGO. Moreover, glycation of IgG proceeds to various conformational states like aggregation and increased hydrophobicity. In addition, the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) illustrated the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) with IgG2 treatment.

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Recent Advances in Camel Immunology

Cited by 45 publications

References 219 publications

Changes in Cell Vitality, Phenotype, and Function of Dromedary Camel Leukocytes After Whole Blood Exposure to Heat Stress in vitro

Changes in Cell Vitality, Phenotype, and Function of Dromedary Camel Leukocytes After Whole Blood Exposure to Heat Stress in vitro

Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses

Non‐enzymatic glycation and aggregation of camel immunoglobulins induce breast cancer cell proliferation

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