Recent Advances in Atomic‐Level Engineering of Nanostructured Catalysts for Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction

Liu, Huiling; Zhu, Yating; Ma, Jianmin; Zhang, Zhicheng; Hu, Wenping

doi:10.1002/adfm.201910534

Cited by 105 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…To control the electronic structure of a catalyst and thereby improve its catalytic performance for CO 2 RR, especially the selectivity of the reaction products, various strategies such as defect engineering, heteroatom doping and alloying, have been proposed. [85] In addition, theoretical calculations and advanced characterizations are pursued to help establish the relationship between the structure and the property of the catalysts at the active-site level. The theoretical and characterization results can be used to help optimize the performances of electrocatalysts as well as to discover highperformance electrocatalysts for CO 2 RR.…”

Section: Reaction Mechanism At Co 2 Rr Active Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

et al. 2020

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between electrical and chemical energy to store off-peak electricity produced from these resources. The opportunities relate to the fact that electrocatalytic reactions can be employed to convert these excess and off-peak electricity into chemical bonds in molecules. A fascinating prospect is the utilization of renewable electricity for the conversion of abundant resources such as H 2 O, N 2 , and CO 2 into synthetic fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, hydrocarbons, and alcohols under ambient conditions (Figure 1). Through the reverse processes, clean electricity can be generated from the products, for example, via hydrogen-, ammonia-, or alcohol-powered fuel cells, ultimately resulting in a closed water cycle, nitrogen cycle, or carbon cycle. Hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting, which may enable the hydrogen economy, is a notable example to these. [2] At present, the annual hydrogen production worldwide exceeds more than 65 million tons, mainly for industrial uses such as petroleum refining and ammonia synthesis. Unfortunately, most of the hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels through steam methane reforming and coal gasification and is accompanied by large emission of the greenhouse gas CO 2. Producing hydrogen from water using renewable electricity provides a green and sustainable pathway for future hydrogen energy cycle. In a similar vein, renewable energy-powered electrocatalysis of CO 2 and N 2 reduction produces high-value fuels or fine chemicals such as formic acid (HCOOH), carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH 3 OH), and ammonia (NH 3) under ambient conditions. [3] The use of these renewable fuels (e.g., hydrogen and alcohols), instead of petroleum-based fuels, for transportation applications is receiving unprecedented attention because the former are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Fuel cell technologies based on these fuels can reliably supply electrical energy and are, thus, highly desired for running emerging electric vehicles. [4] To realize the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle described above, the central reactions are the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), and the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), as well as the oxygenrelated reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which are important half reactions in electrolyzers and fuel cells, respectively. In these energy conversion processes, electrocatalysts are indispensable. The desired electrocatalysts should both Electrocatalysis is at the center of many sustainable energy conversion technologies that are being developed to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The past decade has witnessed significant progresses in the exploitation of advanced electrocatalysts for diverse electrochemical reactions involved in electrolyzers and fuel cells, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and the oxyge...

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Section: Reaction Mechanism At Co 2 Rr Active Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

et al. 2020

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“…According to the atomic microscopic operation means, we can see the catalytic process of carbon dioxide more intuitively, and accurately reveal the dynamic changes of the experiment and the nature of the active site. [74] The stability and selectivity of metal phthalocyanine molecules were further improved.…”

Section: Electrocatalytic Reduction Of Co 2 By Metal Phthalocyaninesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine based Carbon Composites for Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

Yue

Ding

et al. 2020

ChemCatChem

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Fossil energy can bring great convenience to human beings, but the carbon dioxide released at the same time can produce Greenhouse Effect, resulting in the rise of Earth's temperature, which has a great impact on the environment. Therefore, how to efficiently catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide is a hot issue to be solved. Metal phthalocyanines exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic performance due to their large conjugated structure, while carbon nanotubes and graphene, as nanoscale materials, have extremely large surface area and excellent electrochemical performance. The combination of carbon nanotubes and graphene with metal phthalocyanine can greatly improve the electrocatalytic performance of the composites. Herein, in this review, the mechanism of catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) by metal phthalocyanine based composites and its research progress are reviewed, the current problems in the field of electrocatalysis of phthalocyanine based composites with the future prospects are presented. We hope this review will help to stimulate further development of phthalocyanine based composites with high performance CO2 catalytic reduction.

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“…Excessive emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a threat to the ecological balance. [1][2][3][4][5] CO 2 is also an exploitable carbon and oxygen resource. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Fixation of CO 2 into valuable chemicals could simultaneously realize carbon reduction and reutilization of CO 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide in Molten Salts on Liquid Zinc Cathode to Zinc@Graphitic Carbon Spheres for Enhanced Energy Storage

Xiao

Weng

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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to epoxides is realized in ionic liquids by Sun and co-workers. [14,15] Fixation and utilization of CO 2 is also elaborately explored via designing the metal-CO 2 batteries by Ding and co-workers. [16] Fixation of CO 2 into functional carbonaceous materials by capture and electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in molten salts has many advantages. [6,17-19] CO 2 shows a high solubility in molten salts, guaranteeing a highflux uptake rate for a direct and deep removal of CO 2 from atmosphere and industrial flue gas. [6] The wide electrochemical window of molten salt electrolytes promises a high current efficiency of the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in molten salts. [6,20-24] The high-temperature environment of inorganic molten salts brings about enhanced mass transfer and facilitated reaction kinetics, enabling an appealing conversion rate of CO 2 free of any precious catalysts. [6,14,15] Molten salts possess a high heat capacity, which means the heat required by the molten salt fixation of CO 2 can be supplied by solar-thermal systems. [17] The decomposition voltage of CO 2-capture-generated CO 3 2− in molten salts is lower than 2.0 V (1.3 V for Li 2 CO 3 , 1.6 V for Na 2 CO 3 , and 1.8 V for K 2 CO 3 at 500 °C), therefore the electricity for the conversion of CO 2 in molten salts can be supplied by solar photovoltaic systems. [17] Finally, oxygen in CO 2 can simultaneously be released as anodic O 2 , which is of prime implications on future colony on Mars. [6] One of the major challenges for the electrochemical fixation of CO 2 in molten salts is the insufficient functionality of the deposited carbon on cathode. [6] Amorphous and disordered carbon is commonly obtained by electrochemical conversion of CO 2 in molten salts, which contradicts with the demands of application devices for carbonaceous materials with high graphitization degree. [6] For example, aluminum-ion (Al-ion) battery (AIB) possesses the merits of low cost, high volumetric capacity, and high safety. Many cathode materials are reported for Al-ion batteries, including carbon-based materials, metal sulfides, and V 2 O 5. [25-27] For carbon-based materials, the carbon with higher graphitization degree commonly possesses better performance for reversible Al storage. [26,27] In this regard, pioneering works were conducted by Lu and coworkers. [7,28-33] In their strategy, a highly porous 3D graphene foam is used as the cathode for rechargeable Al-ion batteries,

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Recent Advances in Atomic‐Level Engineering of Nanostructured Catalysts for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Cited by 105 publications

References 132 publications

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine based Carbon Composites for Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

Electrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide in Molten Salts on Liquid Zinc Cathode to Zinc@Graphitic Carbon Spheres for Enhanced Energy Storage

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Recent Advances in Atomic‐Level Engineering of Nanostructured Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Cited by 105 publications

References 132 publications

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine based Carbon Composites for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Electrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide in Molten Salts on Liquid Zinc Cathode to Zinc@Graphitic Carbon Spheres for Enhanced Energy Storage

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Recent Advances in Atomic‐Level Engineering of Nanostructured Catalysts for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine based Carbon Composites for Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction