Recent advances in applications of surfactant‐based voltammetric sensors

Abstract

Voltammetric sensors are simple, powerful, and cheap equipment with easy principles, which have been widely used in electrochemical studies to investigate the properties of the electroactive species. Surfactants are frequently used in the construction of voltammetric sensors to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor, which significantly impacted the electrode function in terms of dissolving organic compounds, creating a specific orientation of molecules on the surface of the electrodes, and enhancing electron transfer reactions. This review focuses on the recent contributions of surfactants in the development of efficient voltammetric sensors. In addition, other ingredients commonly employed alongside surfactants, such as nanomaterials, conducting polymers, and composite materials, have been discussed. The comprehension of these aspects can guide the expansion and the use of surfactants in the electrochemical sensing scope.

Application of surfactants in the electrochemical sensing and biosensing of biomolecules and drug molecules

“…The amphoteric molecular structure of a surfactant with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail means it has amphiphilic properties. 5 This allows surfactants to interact with the hydrophilic and lipophilic environments in organisms and reduce adverse reactions to them. The nonpolar hydrophobic groups of surfactants are usually linear hydrocarbons or cyclohydrocarbons containing C8-C18 carbon including hydrocarbon chains, uorocarbon chains, polysiloxanes, polyoxypropylene, etc.…”

“…In electrolytes, surfactants are in sub-micellar states, which can ad-solubilize specic molecules on the electrode surface during the sensing process. 10 The good biocompatibility of a surfactant is benecial for prolonging the lifespan of enzymes on the electrode surface.…”

Carbon Paste Electrodes Surface-Modified with Surfactants: Principles of Surface Interactions at the Interface between Two Immiscible Liquid Phases

“…This applies to the liquid–gas, liquid–liquid, and liquid–solid phase systems because all of them consist of polar and non-polar moieties [ 1 ]. Besides common functioning and use of surfactants in the form of cleaning agents [ 2 ], emulsifiers, or foaming agents [ 3 ], this particular family of chemical compounds has an unquestionable importance in the development of electrochemical sensors, which is also evidenced by myriad of the respective scientific publications [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Incorporation of surfactants into the configuration of various electrochemical sensors allows one to utilize highly effective interactions with the analyte that significantly increase its concentration around the sensor surface via electrostatic attraction and, at the same, minimize eventual interferences by electrostatic repulsion [ 7 ].…”

First Report for the Electrooxidation of Antifungal Anidulafungin: Application to its Voltammetric Determination in Parenteral Lyophilized Formulation Using a Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode in the Presence of Anionic Surfactant

“…It has been proven that the use of surfactants at submicellar concentrations in the electrolyte solution, apart from the electrode material, plays an effective role to improve the sensitivity of the voltammetric method [36][37][38]. One of the primary advantages of the BDD electrode is expected to be its adsorption resistance for polar organic compounds due to the presence of sp 3 hybridized carbon atoms in diamond structure [28].…”