Recent advances in anodically fabricated amorphous TiO₂ nanotubes crystallization techniques and their applications

Abstract

This comprehensive study highlights the outstanding physical and chemical properties of anodically crystallized TiO2 nanotube arrays, attributed to their substantial surface area and nano-scale thickness. The crystallization of amorphous TiO2 nanotubes plays a pivotal role from an applications perspective. Within this comprehensive review, our primary focus revolves around an in-depth exploration of various annealing techniques. We meticulously examine their advantages and limitations when compared to alternative methods. Moreover, our inquiry extends to scrutinizing the profound impact of morphology and crystal structure on anodically grown TiO2 nanotubes subjected to different annealing protocols. Consequently, the insights gleaned from this review transcend the realm of theoretical knowledge. Anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays are poised to find practical applications in pivotal domains such as water splitting, hydrogen generation, and solar cells. Moreover, they emerge as promising candidates for a wide array of micro and nano-scale applications, including drug delivery systems in the biomedical sector, as well as innovative electronic device and sensing approaches within the aerospace industry.