Recent Advances in Activatable Organic Photosensitizers for Specific Photodynamic Therapy

Liu, Ming; Li, Changhua

doi:10.1002/cplu.202000203

Cited by 65 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Possible side effects after PDT treatment include skin lesions and the ocular adverse events ( Vrouenraets et al, 2003 ; Huang, 2005 ). In order to improve patient prognosis and enhance PDT response, activatable photosensitizers have been developed ( Li et al, 2017c ; Gharibi et al, 2019 ; Digby et al, 2020 ; Liu and Li, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ; Yuan et al, 2020 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ). The activatable photosensitizer designs can be used as an “ON/OFF” switch controlling PDT for effective cytotoxic singlet oxygen generation in the tumor tissue in vivo .…”

Section: Novel Approaches To Improve Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy—Current Limitations and Novel Approaches

2021

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.

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Section: Novel Approaches To Improve Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy—Current Limitations and Novel Approaches

2021

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“…Undoubtedly, it will pave one way for developing smart PDT in which ROS generation is switched on when PSs in tumor are aggeregated upon certain pathological stimuluswhile switched off after the treatment. [52][53][54][55][56] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation Turns BODIPY Fluorophores into Photosensitizers: Reversibly Switching Intersystem Crossing On and Off for Smart Photodynamic Therapy

Kang¹,

Chen²,

Teng³

et al. 2022

CCS Chem

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We report for the first time a practical and simple supramolecular approach to turn fluorophores into photosensitizers (PSs). Using boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as a proof-of-concept, eight BODIPY derivatives manifest bright fluorescence and generate negligible singlet oxygen in solution. By contrast, aggregation fails fluorescence emission whereas enhances singlet oxygen generation. Experimentally, these aggregates have excellent photodynamic therapy (PDT) performance and one even exhibits much stronger photocytotoxicity than the commercialized PS Ce6 under the identical conditions. Theoretical studies show that this property was originated from significantly reduced energy gaps between relevant excited singlet and triplet states, leading to considerably improved intersystem crossing efficiency. Importantly, a simple disaggregation recovers the original properties of the fluorophores. This reversible switching property between fluorophores and PSs could assist to develop smart PDT systems, in which singlet oxygen generation in tumor can be controlled in an intelligent manner after PDT treatment. The present work provides a novel strategy to design heavy-atom-free PSs and may pave a way for developing smart PDT systems.

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“…The BODIPY pigment and its derivatives are key entities for phototheranostics [1], including photodynamic therapy [2], functional optoelectronic materials [3], such as solar cells [4][5][6] and light emitting diodes [7], and stimuli-responsive materials [8][9][10][11]. In order to understand or predict the optical properties [12,13] of such important chromophore, and notably the lowest energy electronic transition, a very large number of investigations involving computational argumentations were reported but most of the time the correspondence between the calculated position and experimentally observed one turned out to be chronically poor, where differences ranging from 60 to 100 nm were commonly depicted [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TDDFT Excitation Energies of the BODIPYs; The DFT and TDDFT Challenge Continues

et al. 2021

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The derivatives of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) are pivotal ingredients for a large number of functional, stimuli-responsive materials and therapeutic molecules based on their photophysical properties, and there is a urgent need to understand and predict their optical traits prior to investing a large amount of resources in preparing them. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) computations were performed to calculate the excitation energies of the lowest-energy singlet excited state of a large series of common BODIPY derivatives employing various functional aiming at the best possible combination providing the least deviations from the experimental values. Using the common “fudge” correction, a series of combinations was investigated, and a methodology is proposed offering equal or better performances than what is reported in the literature.

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Recent Advances in Activatable Organic Photosensitizers for Specific Photodynamic Therapy

Cited by 65 publications

References 128 publications

Photodynamic Therapy—Current Limitations and Novel Approaches

Photodynamic Therapy—Current Limitations and Novel Approaches

Aggregation Turns BODIPY Fluorophores into Photosensitizers: Reversibly Switching Intersystem Crossing On and Off for Smart Photodynamic Therapy

The TDDFT Excitation Energies of the BODIPYs; The DFT and TDDFT Challenge Continues

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