Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials

Abstract

3D Printing promises to produce complex biomedical devices according to computer design using patient-specific anatomical data. Since its initial use as pre-surgical visualization models and tooling molds, 3D Printing has slowly evolved to create one-of-a-kind devices, implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, diagnostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. Fueled by the recent explosion in public interest and access to affordable printers, there is renewed interest to combine stem cells with custom 3D scaffolds for personalized regenerative medicine. Before 3D Printing can be used routinely for the regeneration of complex tissues (e.g. bone, cartilage, muscles, vessels, nerves in the craniomaxillofacial complex), and complex organs with intricate 3D microarchitecture (e.g. liver, lymphoid organs), several technological limitations must be addressed. In this review, the major materials and technology advances within the last five years for each of the common 3D Printing technologies (Three Dimensional Printing, Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, and 3D Plotting/Direct-Write/Bioprinting) are described. Examples are highlighted to illustrate progress of each technology in tissue engineering, and key limitations are identified to motivate future research and advance this fascinating field of advanced manufacturing.

Fabricación de filamentos de PCL y PVA reforzados con HAp para ser usados en impresión 3D

“…FDM (fused deposition modelling), selective laser sintering, etc.) [9]. La técnica de fabricación con filamento fundido o modelado por deposición fundida (FDM) es una de las técnicas de prototipado y fabricación rápida que se ha vuelto muy popular, que añade una capa tras otra de un material fundido para crear un modelo o producto [10].…”

Additive (nano)manufacturing perspectives: the use of nanofillers and tailored materials

“…However, AM methods have their own limitations when nanoparticles are introduced, depending on the principle of operation, such as nozzle clogging for FFF, aggregation within liquid media and viscosity increase for ink-jet and stereolithography, nano-powder aggregation and decreased flowability in SLS processes, as well as rough surface finish of printed parts, etc. [20]. A radar chart providing comparison of (i) polylactic acid (PLA) and (ii) polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) with carbon filler (CarbonFil TM ) is provided in Figure 2 with a scale factor from 0 to 10 (with 10 being the most significant impact).…”

Formation of electron beam fields with 3D printed filters

“…The calculations were based on the previously developed model of the extracted electron beam of the TPU microtron [5].…”

“…As part of this, the correction of the developed model of the microtron extracted electron beam [5] was held; model-based filter elements, which changed the beam shape in a predetermined manner were calculated; flattening filters of the electron beam were produced by fused deposition modeling; experimental measurements of the electron beam profiles and shapes with the filter as well as without it were carried out; a comparison of the calculated and experimental data was conducted.…”

“…Recent developments in this area meet the requirements of radiation therapy and will allow doing the rapid production of devices for the collimation of electron beams, forming their fields and dose intensity distribution in the amount according to the objectives [5][6].…”