“…Since a biodegradable cardiovascular stent service lifetime is approximately 2 years [ 45 ], the persistent kidney exposure to Mo degradation products could lead to negative renal effects. A morphometric analysis of capsule and glomerulus can be used to assess kidney function and disease [ [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…8 ). The lack of vascular inflammation at long term implantations of Mo is striking when juxtaposed to the well-known chronic inflammatory responses of Zn and Fe-based degradable materials [ 45 , 64 , 65 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The standard deviation was based on four experiments in the case of mechanical testing and corrosion experiments. The H&E stain was used to measure the neointimal area (NA) and wire lumen thickness (WLT), metrics that have been described in detail by Oliver et al [ 45 ]. The measurements were analyzed for significant differences in the mean with a Wilcoxon rank sum test and variability with an F-test.…”
“…Since a biodegradable cardiovascular stent service lifetime is approximately 2 years [ 45 ], the persistent kidney exposure to Mo degradation products could lead to negative renal effects. A morphometric analysis of capsule and glomerulus can be used to assess kidney function and disease [ [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…8 ). The lack of vascular inflammation at long term implantations of Mo is striking when juxtaposed to the well-known chronic inflammatory responses of Zn and Fe-based degradable materials [ 45 , 64 , 65 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The standard deviation was based on four experiments in the case of mechanical testing and corrosion experiments. The H&E stain was used to measure the neointimal area (NA) and wire lumen thickness (WLT), metrics that have been described in detail by Oliver et al [ 45 ]. The measurements were analyzed for significant differences in the mean with a Wilcoxon rank sum test and variability with an F-test.…”
“…The density of mineral deposits and metal implants significantly differs from that of the bulk tissue and, hence, tissue integrity is heavily disrupted through the conventional sectioning procedure. Yet, a proper investigation of atherosclerotic plaques, dysfunctional heart valves, and failed bioprosthetic heart valves all frequently undergoing pathological mineralisation ultimately requires retained tissue architecture and the biocompatibility testing of the metal alloys for stent manufacturing ( 5 , 6 ).…”
Currently, an ultrastructural analysis of cardiovascular tissues is significantly complicated. Routine histopathological examinations and immunohistochemical staining suffer from a relatively low resolution of light microscopy, whereas the fluorescence imaging of plaques and bioprosthetic heart valves yields considerable background noise from the convoluted extracellular matrix that often results in a low signal-to-noise ratio. Besides, the sectioning of calcified or stent-expanded blood vessels or mineralised heart valves leads to a critical loss of their integrity, demanding other methods to be developed. Here, we designed a conceptually novel approach that combines conventional formalin fixation, sequential incubation in heavy metal solutions (osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate or lanthanides, and lead citrate), and the embedding of the whole specimen into epoxy resin to retain its integrity while accessing the region of interest by grinding and polishing. Upon carbon sputtering, the sample is visualised by means of backscattered scanning electron microscopy. The technique fully preserves calcified and stent-expanded tissues, permits a detailed analysis of vascular and valvular composition and architecture, enables discrimination between multiple cell types (including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, foam cells, foreign-body giant cells, canonical macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) and microvascular identities (arterioles, venules, and capillaries), and gives a technical possibility for quantitating the number, area, and density of the blood vessels. Hence, we suggest that our approach is capable of providing a pathophysiological insight into cardiovascular disease development. The protocol does not require specific expertise and can be employed in virtually any laboratory that has a scanning electron microscope.
“…Biodegradable metallic biomaterials have important research value and application prospects [ 1–5 ] ; thus, Zn‐based materials have received increased attention in the past decade. [ 6–8 ] Zn, as an essential microelement to humans (Figure 1), plays a key role in numerous biological functions [ 9 ] and offers no toxicity. [ 10 ] It appears to be one of the few physiologically acceptable metals for application in biological materials.…”
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys, as novel biodegradable metals, hold great potential in bone implant and metallic stents. Stannum (Sn), an essential trace element, plays an important role in maintaining life activities. Herein, Sn is selected as an alloying element to be added into the Zn matrix to explore the possibility of Zn–Sn alloy as a biodegradable metal for clinical application. This article systemically studies the effects of Sn content on microstructural, electrochemical behavior, corrosion rate, and in vitro biocompatibility of Zn–Sn alloys. Results indicate that the Sn‐rich phase is the main form of Sn in the as‐extruded alloys, and the solid solubility is in an extremely minute quantity. The corrosion of Zn–Sn alloys in conventional simulated body fluid (c‐SBF) solution shows apparent electrochemical characteristics, and Sn‐rich phases are corroded preferably. The corrosion rates of Zn–1.0Sn and Zn–2.0Sn are under 0.2 mm year−1, which can satisfy the requirement of biodegradable medical materials. In addition, Zn–1.0Sn exhibits much better cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility than Zn–2.0Sn. Therefore, Zn–Sn alloy shows great potential applications in the biological field and can be further studied and developed.
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