Recent Advances and Developments of in vitro Evaluation of Heterocyclic Moieties on Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

Besides worthy development in cancer therapy, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death, worldwide. The future burden of cancer will probably be even larger because people are adopting poor lifestyles with poor diet, frequently smoking and less physical activity. The effective anticancer drugs having efficacy and selectivity with low toxicity is still a challenge for the scientific fraternity. The advances in the cancer study have its origin on the availability of different types of experimental model systems that review the various forms of this disease. Cell lines emerge as a feasible alternative for anticancer activities, being at the same time easy to manipulate and molecularly characterize. Heterocycles are key structural components of many of the anti-cancer drugs available on the market today. Indeed, of the novel molecular anti-cancer agents approved by the FDA between 2010 and 2017, almost two-thirds contained heterocyclic rings within their structures. This review summarizes and provides updated literature on heterocyclic compounds using various cancer cell lines reported during the period of 2014-2017 together with the structure-activity relationships.

Retracted Article: The synthesis and biological activity of marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues

“…Cancer is one of the major diseases that seriously endanger human health in today's society. [139][140][141][142][143] In the treatment of cancer, there are mainly surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other means, among which chemotherapy is the most important treatment method currently used. [144][145][146][147] The research and development of novel compounds with a unique chemical structure has become an important research direction in the eld of anti-cancer drugs.…”

Recent Developments on Catalyst‐Free, Visible‐Light‐Triggered Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffolds and Their Mechanistic Study

“…[28,29] They are also used in the manufacture of commercial products such as: felodipine, nicardipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, manidipine, lercanidipine, amlodipine, barnidipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine and nemadipine B. [30] Ghosh et al developed a highly proficient, versatile and eco-friendly one-pot green procedure for the synthesis of 1,4dihydropyridine derivatives (14) from benzaldehyde (11), ethyl acetoacetate (12) and ammonium formate (13) under visible light irradiation (150 W tungsten lamp) in ethyl-L-lactate-water solution at room temperature without any catalyst (Scheme 7). [31] They have reported this methodology as admirable enrichment over existing methods considering greener conditions, short reaction time, simple procedure and excellent yields.…”

“…Prominent efficacy of this transformation was observed in the visible light with 95 % yield within 90 mins as comparison to thermal condition (trace amount of product was obtained even after 72 hours). In this strategy, benzaldehyde (11) and ethyl acetoacetate (12) underwent Knoevenagel condensation under the influence of visible light and in presence of ammonium formate (13) to form 8 A. 8 A on reaction with ethyl acetoacetate (12) followed by Michael addition generated the 1,5-dioxo compound 8 B.…”

“…[10] The heterocyclic scaffolds comprise one of the largest research areas in organic chemistry and have always been on the frontline of attention due to their abundant uses in pharmaceutical fields. [11,12] The importance of heterocyclic compounds for biomedical and material science applications has led to an increase in the development of novel methods for their preparation. Some biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds are shown in Figure 1.…”

Benefits and applications of microwave-assisted synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles in medicinal chemistry

“…1 To date, Nheterocycles remain scaffolds for compounds that exhibit interesting biological activities and are used in many different pharmacological areas. 2 Such ring systems have various applications, ranging from vitamins and herbicides to anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agents. The development of more efficient synthetic procedures has been an ongoing quest.…”