Recent Advancements in the Removal of Cyanotoxins from Water Using Conventional and Modified Adsorbents—A Contemporary Review

Abstract

The prevalence of cyanobacteria is increasing in freshwaters due to climate change, eutrophication, and their ability to adapt and thrive in changing environmental conditions. In response to various environmental pressures, they produce toxins known as cyanotoxins, which impair water quality significantly. Prolonged human exposure to cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and anatoxin through drinking water can cause severe health effects. Conventional water treatment processes are not effective in removing these cyanotoxins in water and advanced water treatment processes are often used instead. Among the advanced water treatment methods, adsorption is advantageous compared to other methods because of its affordability and design simplicity for cyanotoxins removal. This article provides a current review of recent developments in cyanotoxin removal using both conventional and modified adsorbents. Given the different cyanotoxins removal capacities and cost of conventional and modified adsorbents, a future outlook, as well as suggestions are provided to achieve optimal cyanotoxin removal through adsorption.

Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies

“…Adsorbent materials have been widely applied in water to remove of trace contaminants, including extra-cellular cyanotoxins [186]. Examples for these adsorbents are activated carbon and iron-based adsorbents [187,188].…”

Cellular oxidative stress stimulated by microcystin: review

“…Many countries have defined their health recommendations according to the provisional guidance of the World Health Organization, which was set at 1.0 µg / L for microcystin-LR (Jang, et al, 2003). Therefore, the main concern with cyanotoxins is related to the presence of these toxins in reservoirs destined for public supply (Wood, 2016;Abbas, et al, 2020).…”

Cianobaktérium-toxinokra vonatkozó hazai és nemzetközi előírások, különös tekintettel a Balatonra mint ivóvízbázisra

“…Az adatokkal kapcsolatban meg kell jegyezni, hogy a toxinok hatása elsősorban az emésztőszerveket érinti, ezért az ilyen panaszokat, hacsak nem tömegesen jelentkeznek, ritkán kapcsolják az ivóvízhez, ezért a valós esetszám vélhetően nagyobb, mint a dokumentált. 53 Abbas (2020) A cianobaktériumok vizsgálatára olcsón és hatékonyan alkalmazható módszer a mikroszkópos taxonómiai vizsgálat, sejtszámlálás, sejttérfogat-meghatározás. Bár ezek a módszerek gyakorlott és szakképzett élőmunkát igényelnek a cianobaktériumok megjelenésének értékelésére, előzetes figyelmeztetésre kiválóan alkalmasak.…”