Recent Advancements in Development of Wearable Gas Sensors

Bag, Atanu; Lee, Nae‐Eung

doi:10.1002/admt.202000883

Cited by 128 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 268 publications

(752 reference statements)

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“…The “on-body- type sensors are attached to the surface of a body part. The “in-clothing” sensors are integrated with wearable textiles, and the “accessories’’-type sensors are usually made a part of wristwatches, wristbands, rings, and armbands [ 116 ].…”

Section: Sensing Methodologies For Breath Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities

et al. 2021

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With the global population prevalence of diabetes surpassing 463 million cases in 2019 and diabetes leading to millions of deaths each year, there is a critical need for feasible, rapid, and non-invasive methodologies for continuous blood glucose monitoring in contrast to the current procedures that are either invasive, complicated, or expensive. Breath analysis is a viable methodology for non-invasive diabetes management owing to its potential for multiple disease diagnoses, the nominal requirement of sample processing, and immense sample accessibility; however, the development of functional commercial sensors is challenging due to the low concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath and the confounding factors influencing the exhaled breath profile. Given the complexity of the topic and the skyrocketing spread of diabetes, a multifarious review of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring is essential to track the technological progress in the field and comprehend the obstacles in developing a breath analysis-based diabetes management system. In this review, we consolidate the relevance of exhaled breath analysis through a critical assessment of current technologies and recent advancements in sensing methods to address the shortcomings associated with blood glucose monitoring. We provide a detailed assessment of the intricacies involved in the development of non-invasive diabetes monitoring devices. In addition, we spotlight the need to consider breath biomarker clusters as opposed to standalone biomarkers for the clinical applicability of exhaled breath monitoring. We present potential VOC clusters suitable for diabetes management and highlight the recent buildout of breath sensing methodologies, focusing on novel sensing materials and transduction mechanisms. Finally, we portray a multifaceted comparison of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring and highlight remaining challenges on the path to realizing breath analysis as a non-invasive healthcare approach.

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Section: Sensing Methodologies For Breath Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities

et al. 2021

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“…Decreased sample complexity, the highly developed appropriate analytical techniques, and the ability of direct or continuous breath analysis using gas sensors render exhaled breath as an exceptional source of gas-biomarkers (VOCs predominantly but also inorganic gases) [ 8 , 11 ]. More than 2000 VOCs have been detected in the exhaled breath [ 12 ] and appertain to hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters [ 12 , 13 ], ethers, carboxylic acids, heterocyclic hydrocarbons [ 12 ], aromatic compounds, nitriles [ 12 , 13 ], sulfides, and terpenoids [ 12 ] and may be endogenous or exogenous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproducibility [ 6 ], high sensitivity, and good resolution [ 15 ], are three fundamental parameters. Low limit of detection (LOD) [ 13 , 15 ] (ppb [ 38 ]), wide range of response [ 38 ], and increased selectivity are also of great importance, in order to detect the exhaled VOCs in the presence of water vapor found in the humidified clinical samples [ 15 ]. The stable baseline in the absence of gas-target biomarkers [ 6 ], short response, and recovery times are imperative [ 13 , 15 ], while full recovery of the sensor after analyte removal is also essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low limit of detection (LOD) [ 13 , 15 ] (ppb [ 38 ]), wide range of response [ 38 ], and increased selectivity are also of great importance, in order to detect the exhaled VOCs in the presence of water vapor found in the humidified clinical samples [ 15 ]. The stable baseline in the absence of gas-target biomarkers [ 6 ], short response, and recovery times are imperative [ 13 , 15 ], while full recovery of the sensor after analyte removal is also essential. Alternatively, disposable sensors that are simple, cost-effective, and therefore suitable for mass-production can be used [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Disease Diagnosis—The Role of Sensors

Kaloumenou

Skotadis

Lаgopati

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest during the last years is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications. The aim of the first part of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the main categories of sensors studied for disease diagnosis applications via the detection of exhaled gas-analytes and to highlight the role of nanomaterials. The second and most novel part of this review concentrates on the remarkable applicability of breath analysis in differential diagnosis, phenotyping, and the staging of several disease-types, which are currently amongst the most pressing challenges in the field.

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“…Conversely, the design of novel transducers with alternative sensing mechanisms could be an appealing strategy to overcome these limitations. In fact, the development of multivariable sensing platforms with sensor arrays based on diversified transduction mechanisms [ 24 ], as well as the introduction of innovative approaches inspired by the working principles of well-assessed analytical techniques, could largely improve the stability and reliability of emerging wearable gas sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wearable Electrochemical Gas Sensor for Ammonia Detection

Serafini

Mariani

Gualandi

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The next future strategies for improved occupational safety and health management could largely benefit from wearable and Internet of Things technologies, enabling the real-time monitoring of health-related and environmental information to the wearer, to emergency responders, and to inspectors. The aim of this study is the development of a wearable gas sensor for the detection of NH3 at room temperature based on the organic semiconductor poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), electrochemically deposited iridium oxide particles, and a hydrogel film. The hydrogel composition was finely optimised to obtain self-healing properties, as well as the desired porosity, adhesion to the substrate, and stability in humidity variations. Its chemical structure and morphology were characterised by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, and were found to play a key role in the transduction process and in the achievement of a reversible and selective response. The sensing properties rely on a potentiometric-like mechanism that significantly differs from most of the state-of-the-art NH3 gas sensors and provides superior robustness to the final device. Thanks to the reliability of the analytical response, the simple two-terminal configuration and the low power consumption, the PEDOT:PSS/IrOx Ps/hydrogel sensor was realised on a flexible plastic foil and successfully tested in a wearable configuration with wireless connectivity to a smartphone. The wearable sensor showed stability to mechanical deformations and good analytical performances, with a sensitivity of 60 ± 8 μA decade−1 in a wide concentration range (17–7899 ppm), which includes the safety limits set by law for NH3 exposure.

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Recent Advancements in Development of Wearable Gas Sensors

Cited by 128 publications

References 268 publications

Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities

Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities

Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Disease Diagnosis—The Role of Sensors

A Wearable Electrochemical Gas Sensor for Ammonia Detection

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