Recent advancement of imaging strategies of the lymphatic system: Answer to the decades old questions

Abstract

The role of the lymphatic system in maintaining tissue homeostasis and a number of different pathophysiological conditions has been well established. The complex and delicate structure of the lymphatics along with the limitations of conventional imaging techniques make lymphatic imaging particularly difficult. Thus, in-depth highresolution imaging of lymphatic system is key to understanding the progression of lymphatic diseases and cancer metastases and would greatly benefit clinical decisions.In recent years, the advancement of imaging technologies and development of new tracers suitable for clinical applications has enabled imaging of the lymphatic system in both clinical and pre-clinical settings. In this current review, we have highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of different modern techniques such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence optical imaging, that has significantly impacted research in this field and has led to in-depth insights into progression of pathological states. This review also highlights the use of current imaging technologies, and tracers specific for immune cell markers to identify and track the immune cells in the lymphatic system that would help understand disease progression and remission in immune therapy regimen.

Visualizing the Microcirculation

“…The article by Aghabaglou et al 15 reports on the efficacy of clinically available ultrasound probes for detecting and quantifying the status of the microcirculation via a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. The SI concludes with two comprehensive reviews: one on photoacoustic imaging by Mirg et al 16 and another on techniques for imaging the lymphatic system by Banerjee et al 17 covering preclinical and clinical applications.…”