Recent advancement in synthesizing bio-epoxy nanocomposites using lignin, plant oils, saccharides, polyphenols, and natural rubbers: A review

Incorporation of Cellulose Nanocrystals into a Cottonseed Oil-Based Network Polymer: Effect on Mechanical Properties

“…Particularly, in the year 2022, approximately 54% of SBO sourced in the United States was used for food, feed, and industrial uses, while 37% was used for biofuel . In comparison, cottonseed oil (CSO), although it has not been investigated to the same extent as SBO, − has a similar chemical composition. However, it is both produced and consumed in much smaller quantities, indicating an opportunity for market expansion in this area.…”

Disproportionation of Rosin Driven by 4,4′-Thio-bis(3-Methyl-6-Tert-Butylphenol): Kinetic Model Discrimination

“…Rosin acids present a rich reactivity, so a high number of compounds and products are presently derived from rosin: resins, hardeners, pharmaceutical drugs, monomers, biocides, surfactants, polymers, and sorbents, to name a few [2]. Moreover, rosin attracts high interest for the synthesis of diverse bio-epoxy nanocomposites, as well as lignin, polyphenols, and natural rubbers [3]. In recent years, increased awareness of rosin structure, reactivity, applicability, and renewability has resulted in an exponential number of publications (from a stable number of around 50-70 till 2010 to 250-300 in 2015) [2].…”

“…Likewise, homogeneous catalysts based on iodine and sulfur have also being applied for a long time, with a preference towards sulfur derivatives due to their antioxidant, bleaching, and catalytic activities preserving the product hardness (in contrast with iodine catalysts) [15]. Disproportionated rosin chemical analyses have been performed through diverse methods: GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy), HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), 1 H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time of flight) mass spectroscopy [3,12,16,17]. Kinetic modeling is useful to understand the nature of reactions taking place in a complex reaction system in more depth, while providing information of importance to reactor design, control, and operation.…”

Broadening the coating applications of sustainable materials by reinforcing epoxidized corn oil with single-walled carbon nanotubes

“…In recent years, the development of new polymers from renewable resources has gained increasing attention, which has led to the emergence of rational and sustainable synthetic routes, through biomass processing, generating bio-based products that can achieve the properties of conventional ones (da Silva et al 2022 ; Gonçalves et al 2022 ; Kumar et al 2018a , b ; Kumar et al 2018a , b ). Bio-based epoxy resins derived from vegetable oils (Agbo et al 2023 ; Díez-Pascual and Rahdar 2021 ; Marriam et al 2023 ; Mustapha et al 2019 ), lignin and lignin derivatives (Bass and Epps 2021 ; Lu and Gu 2023 ; Sreejaya et al 2022 ) phenolic and polyphenolic structures, or saccharides (Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri and Ghadi 2024 ; Wan et al 2020 ; Zhang et al 2022 ) were developed and studied, thus widening the platform of materials adaptable to different industries, especially for anticorrosion protection coatings. However, as the availability of bio-based thermoplastic is quite large, the bio-based thermosetting field is still limited by the low physical and mechanical properties of the polymers derived from renewable resources; thus, this field represents a real challenge for both researchers and industry.…”