Receiving grooming as a reinforcer for the monkey

Taira, Kosei; Rolls, Edmund T.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02213-9

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Social behavior has also been reported to be rewarding in primates. The possibility to groom the experimenter has successfully been used as reward in an operant task in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) (Falk, 1958), and being groomed by the experimenter also functioned as a reward in the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) (Taira & Rolls, 1996). These observations suggest that the act of grooming as well as being groomed have intrinsic rewarding properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Ågmo¹,

Smith²,

Birnie³

et al. 2012

Behav

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The present study describes how the development of a pair bond modifies social, sexual and aggressive behavior. Five heterosexual pairs of marmosets, previously unknown to each other, were formed at the beginning of the study. At the onset of pairing, social, sexual, exploratory and aggressive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. The animals were then observed for 20 min, both in the morning and afternoon for 21 days. The frequency and/or duration of behaviors recorded on Day 1 were compared to those recorded at later observations. The behavior displayed shortly after pairing should be completely unaffected by the pair bond, while such a bond should be present at later observations. Thus, it was possible to determine how the behavior between the pair was modified by the development of a pair bond. Social behaviors increased from Day 1 to Days 2–6 and all subsequent days observed. Conversely, other behaviors, such as open mouth displays (usually considered to be an invitation to sexual activity), had a high frequency during the early part of cohabitation but declined towards the end. Consequently, pair bonding manifests itself in an increased intensity of social behaviors. It is suggested that the intrinsically rewarding properties of grooming and perhaps other social behaviors turn the pair mate into a positive incentive, activating approach and further interactions when possible. Thus, the pair bond may be a motivational state activated by the conditioned incentive properties of the partner. This notion can explain all forms of pair bonds, including those occurring between individuals of the same sex and in promiscuous species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Ågmo¹,

Smith²,

Birnie³

et al. 2012

Behav

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“…The opportunity to be groomed by a human experimenter (Taira and Rolls 1996) and also to groom the experimenter (Falk 1958) have both been shown to operate as effective rewards for a rhesus monkey and a chimpanzee, respectively. Randolph and Brooks (1967) demonstrated that play, with a human experimenter, can also act as an effective reinforcer in a chimpanzee, for the conditioned response of a particular vocal call.…”

Section: Shifting Focus Away From Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Behavioral Traditions in Primates: Are Current Experimental Approaches Too Focused on Food?

Watson

Caldwell

2009

Int J Primatol

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Recently, several researchers have highlighted the neglect of social behaviors relative to food-related behaviors in experimental research on social learning in primates, despite the significant number of apparent social traditions reported in the field. Here we aim to highlight the discrepancy between the relative number of nonfood-related behavioral traditions reported in the wild and foodrelated ones, and the almost exclusive investigation of food-related behaviors in an experimental context. First we discuss aspects of social and communicative customs that make them especially interesting. Then we consider reasons why experimental approaches are crucial to developing a full understanding of behavioral traditions observed in the wild. We report the results of a systematic literature survey in which we assessed the perceived discrepancy quantitatively. We also argue that the existing experimental literature, with its typical reliance on food as a motivator, may not be sufficient to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nonfood traditions, such as social conventions. Finally, we suggest new directions for the experimental investigation of social learning in primates, hoping to stimulate experimental research investigating social and communicative behavioral traditions.

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“…Grooming is a useful measure of social relationships in impala as it ushers two main functions, (1) removal of ectoparasites that an animal is not able to reach by itself and, (2) maintenance or establishment of social relationships through increase in psychological and physiological wellbeing and the rewarding effect [62,63]. In this study, the levels of grooming were more pronounced in females than in males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Activity Budgets of Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Closed Environments: The Mukuvisi Woodland Experience, Zimbabwe

Muposhi

Muvengwi

Beven

et al. 2013

International Journal of Biodiversity

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Activity pattern plasticity in ungulates serves as an evolutionary adaptation to optimize fitness in inconsistent environments. Given that time is a limited and valuable resource for foraging wildlife species, provisioning and attraction may affect the activity pattern plasticity and reduce complexities of time partitioning for different activities by impala in closed environments. We assessed activity budgets of free-ranging impala social groups in a closed environment. Social group type had an influence on the activity budgets of impala except for foraging and moving activity states. Both the harem and bachelor groups spent more than 30% of their daily time foraging. Bachelor groups spent more time exhibiting vigilance tendencies than the harem groups. Season influenced the activity budgets of social groups other than vigilance and foraging activity states. Foraging time was highly correlated with vigilance, resting, and grooming. We concluded that provisioning and attraction may have reduced the influence of seasonality on the proportion of time spent on different activity states by impala social groups. There is a need to establish long-term socioecological, physiological, and reproductive consequences of provisioning and habituation on impala under closed environments.

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Receiving grooming as a reinforcer for the monkey

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Understanding Behavioral Traditions in Primates: Are Current Experimental Approaches Too Focused on Food?

Activity Budgets of Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Closed Environments: The Mukuvisi Woodland Experience, Zimbabwe

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