Receiving Areas of the Tactile, Auditory, and Visual Systems in the Cerebellum

Snider, Ray S.; Stowell, A

doi:10.1152/jn.1944.7.6.331

Cited by 533 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cross-finger responses were higher in lobule VIII than in lobule V. This agrees with the increased overlap between the cerebellar representations of neighbouring body parts in lobule VIII compared to lobule V, as reported by Snider and Stowell in micro-electrode mapping of the cat cerebellum (Snider and Stowell, 1944). Thus, the explanation for the increased overlap is probably of biological origin and may indicate a higher degree of cooperation between the local neural substrates of the digits.…”

Section: Lobule VIIIsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This human touch stimulus was chosen because somatosensory stimuli were also used for the landmark studies by Adrian (Adrian, 1943) and Snider (Snider and Stowell, 1944) and they elicit strong, sustained cerebellar responses (Shambes et al, 1978). Human touch forms a strong somatosensory stimulus, as it supplies complex, natural tactile input and is of major importance for the motor-somatosensory feedback in which the cerebellum is involved.…”

Section: Volunteers and Functional Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Somatotopic body representations were first found in lobules IV-VI in Rhesus monkeys (Adrian, 1943) and subsequently in lobule VIII in cats (Snider and Stowell, 1944). These early cerebellar somatotopy experiments already reported that some neurons in the cerebellum have very small receptive fields on the body -as small as the side of a single toe in a monkey (Adrian, 1943) or individual whiskers in rats (Shambes et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

et al. 2013

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The representation of the human body in the human cerebellum is still relatively unknown, compared to the well-studied homunculus in the primary somatosensory cortex. The investigation of the body representation in the cerebellum and its somatotopic organisation is complicated because of the relatively small dimensions of the cerebellum, compared to the cerebrum. Somatotopically organised whole-body homunculi have previously been reported in both humans and rats. However, whether individual digits are represented in the cerebellum in a somatotopically organised way is much less clear. In this study, the high spatial resolution and high sensitivity to the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal of 7 T fMRI were employed to study the BOLD responses in the human cerebellum to the stroking of the skin of individual digits, the hand and forearm. For the first time, a coarse somatotopic organisation of the digits, ordered from D1-D5, could be visualised in individual human subjects in both the anterior (lobule V) and the posterior (lobule VIII) lobes of the cerebellum using a somatosensory stimulus. The somatotopic gradient in lobule V was found consistently in the posterior to anterior direction, with the thumb most posterior, while the direction of the somatotopic gradient in lobule VIII differed between subjects. No somatotopic organisation was found in Crus I. A comparison of the digit patches with the hand patch revealed that the digit regions are completely covered by the hand region in both the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, in a non-somatotopic manner. These results demonstrate the promise of ultra-high field, high-resolution fMRI for studies of the cerebellum.

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Section: Lobule VIIIsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Volunteers and Functional Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

et al. 2013

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“…This conclusion is in line with the behavioral studies showing the requirement of the vermis for CS-US association, but not for baseline responses to CS and US , Ploghaus et al 1999, Ploghaus et al 2000and Maschke et al 2002. Synaptic changes were localized to vermal lobules V and VI, an area that receives convergence of acoustic and nociceptive stimuli Stowell 1944 andSaab andWillis 2003) and it is related to the expression of emotional behavior Sebastiani et al 1992). Learning-induced synaptic plasticity has been described in amygdala (Rogan et al 1997 andMcKernan andShinnick-Gallagher 1997) and hippocampus (Sacchetti et al 2001, Sacchetti et al 2002band Whitlock et al 2006.…”

Section: Neural Basis Of the Cerebellar Involvement In Learned Fearsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cerebellum and emotional behavior

Sacchetti¹,

Scelfo²,

Strata³

2009

Neuroscience

129

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Fear conditioning involves learning that a previously neutral stimulus (CS) predicts an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). Lesions of the cerebellar vermis may affect fear memory without altering baseline motor/autonomic responses to the frightening stimuli. Reversible inactivation of the vermis during the consolidation period impairs retention of fear memory. In patients with medial cerebellar lesions conditioned bradycardia is impaired. In humans, cerebellar areas around the vermis are activated during mental recall of emotional personal episodes, if a loved partner receives a pain stimulus, and during learning of a CS-US association. Moreover, patients with cerebellar stroke may fail to show overt emotional changes. In such patients, however, the activity of several areas, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, pulvinar and insular cortex, is significantly increased relative to healthy subjects when exposed to frightening stimuli. Therefore, other structures may serve to maintain fear response after cerebellar damage. These data indicate that the vermis is involved in the formation of fear memory traces. We suggest that the vermis is not only involved in regulating the autonomic/motor responses, but that it also participates in forming new CS-US associations thus eliciting appropriate responses to new stimuli or situations. In other words, the cerebellum may translate an emotional state elaborated elsewhere into autonomic and motor responses.

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“…In this regard, neurophysiology studies in cats noted vermis lobule VIII activation in response to auditory-visual stimuli (Snider and Stowell, 1944). PET blood flow studies in healthy humans documented anterior and posterior vermis activations during early sensory recognition of complex auditory and visual stimuli (Penhune et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

Anderson

Maas

Frederick

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Although the cerebellum is increasingly being viewed as a brain area involved in cognition, it typically is excluded from circuitry considered to mediate stimulant-associated behaviors since it is low in dopamine. Yet, the primate cerebellar vermis (lobules II-III and VIII-IX) has been reported to contain axonal dopamine transporter immunoreactivity (DAT-IR). We hypothesized that DAT-IR-containing vermis areas would be activated in cocaine abusers by cocaine-related cues and, in healthy humans, would accumulate DAT-selective ligands. We used BOLD fMRI to determine whether cocaine-related cues activated DAT-IR-enriched vermis regions in cocaine abusers and positron emission tomography imaging of healthy humans to determine whether the DAT-selective ligand [ 11 C]altropane accumulated in those vermis regions. Cocaine-related cues selectively induced BOLD activation in lobules II-III and VIII-IX in cocaine users, and, at early time points after ligand administration, we found appreciable [ 11 C]altropane accumulation in lobules VIII-IX, possibly indicating DAT presence in this region. These data suggest that parts of cerebellar vermis mediate cocaine's persisting and acute effects. In light of prior findings illustrating vermis connections to midbrain dopamine cell body regions, established roles for the vermis as a locus of sensorimotor integration and motor planning, and findings of increased vermis activation in substance abusers during reward-related and other cognitive tasks, we propose that the vermis be considered one of the structures involved in cocaine-and other incentive-related behaviors.

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Receiving Areas of the Tactile, Auditory, and Visual Systems in the Cerebellum

Cited by 533 publications

References 14 publications

Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

Cerebellum and emotional behavior

Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

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