Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model.

Abstract

The authors evaluated the impact of receiving social support on subsequent levels of perceived social support and psychological distress in 2 independent samples of victims of severe natural disasters: Hurricane Hugo (n = 498) and Hurricane Andrew (n = 404). A social support deterioration deterrence model was proposed that stipulated that postdisaster mobilization of received support counteracts the deterioration in expectations of support often experienced by victims of major life events. LISREL analyses of data collected 12 and 24 months after Hugo and 6 and 28 months after Andrew provided strong evidence for the hypothesized model: Perceived support mediated the long-term effects on distress of both scope of disaster exposure and postdisaster received support. Theoretical and application issues of social support are discussed.

Associations between financial stress and interpersonal events: A daily diary study of middle-aged adults and their life circumstances.

“…Studies examining such phenomena as the aftermath of natural disasters (Norris & Kaniasty, 1996) and marital stress (Julien & Markman, 1991) have noted that the onset of new stressors may initially be accompanied by an increase in supportive responses from an individual's social support network. The support mobilization theory (Barrera, 1988) posits that the onset of a stressor may catalyze an initial increase in social support, which may buffer against the damaging effects of the stressor (Gottlieb & Bergen, 2010).…”

Associations between received social support and positive and negative affect: evidence for age differences from a daily-diary study

“…There are, however, studies that demonstrate no (Knoll et al 2007a) or even negative effects of social support on well-being (e.g., Bolger et al 2000). These heterogeneous results may in part be due to different operationalizations of support, that is perceived and received support (e.g., Norris and Kaniasty 1996;Schwarzer and Knoll 2010). Perceived social support comprises the potential availability of support from the social network is prospectively assessed and is known to be relatively stable over time (Sarason et al 1990).…”

“…Moreover, it depends only little on actual support transactions (e.g., Knoll et al 2007b). On the other hand, received social support refers to recipients' retrospective reports of actual support transactions (e.g., Norris and Kaniasty 1996;Schwarzer and Knoll 2010).…”

The association of exposure, risk, and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel

“…Resources include material (e.g., transportation, housing) and psychosocial (e.g., self-efficacy, social support) resources. Although terrorism threatens interpersonal resources such as social support, those who sustain supportive social relationships have been found to be more resilient (Benight et al, 2000;Galea et al, 2002;Norris & Kaniasty, 1996;Shalev, Tuval-Mashiach, & Hadar, 2004).…”