Recalled Initiation and Duration of Maternal Breastfeeding Among Children with and Without ADHD in a Well Characterized Case–Control Sample

Stadler, Diane D.; Musser, Erica D.; Holton, Kathleen F.; Shannon, Jackilen; Nigg, Joel T.

doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9987-9

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It is important to point out that our results in both breastfeeding initiation and duration were similar to those reported by Stadler et al [] in a sample of well‐characterized children with ADHD, a developmental condition that can co‐occur with ASD. Like in our study, Stadler et al reported no significant difference in breastfeeding initiation between children with ADHD and controls, but breastfeeding duration was shorter in children with ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Further, co‐occurring conditions, including sleep disturbances (which are more prevalent in children who later develop ASD [Zwaigenbaum et al, ], might also contribute to shorter breastfeeding duration. Like children with ADHD, as reported by Stadler, Musser, Holton, Shanon, and Nigg [], it is possible that children who later develop ASD may be more difficult to breastfeed resulting in shorter breastfeeding duration. Though studies have documented infant difficulties as one of the reasons for early breastfeeding discontinuation by mothers in the general population [Ahluwalia, Morrow, & Hsia, ; Li et al, ], data on breastfeeding behaviors in children later diagnosed with ASD are very limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Association Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preschool Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development

et al. 2019

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Studies report inconsistent findings on the relationship between ASD and breastfeeding. We explored associations between ASD and breastfeeding initiation (yes/no) and duration (months categorized in tertiles) in the Study to Explore Early Development, a community-based case-control study in six sites in the Unites States. We adjusted for various child and mother demographic and pregnancy factors. Breastfeeding initiation was reported in 85.7% of mothers of children with ASD and 90.6% of mothers of controls. After adjustment, we found no significant difference in breastfeeding initiation (adjusted odds-ratio [aOR]: 0.88 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-1.28). However, mothers of children with ASD were less likely to report duration of breastfeeding in the high (≥12 months) versus low tertile (<6 months) (aOR and 95% CI: 0.61 [0.45-0.84]) or the middle (6-<12 months) versus low tertile (0.72: 0.54-0.98). The association of ASD and breastfeeding duration was slightly attenuated when the presence of the broader autism phenotype (BAP) in the mother was accounted for, but still remained for the highest tertile. This association does not appear to be totally explained by maternal BAP. We were unable to distinguish whether the difference in duration was due to difficulties breastfeeding children who later develop ASD, other factors not adjusted in our study, or greater ASD risk resulting from shorter breastfeeding duration. Longitudinal studies that compare reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding between ASD and controls and establish a temporal relation between ASD and breastfeeding are needed. Future studies should also evaluate interactions between ASD risk genes and breastfeeding. Autism Res 2019, 12: 816-829.Lay Summary: In this study, we compared breastfeeding practices between mothers of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found that the percentage of mothers who started breastfeeding was similar between the two groups, but mothers of children with ASD breastfed for a shorter amount of time compared to mothers of children without ASD. Future studies are needed to evaluate the reasons why the duration of breastfeeding was shorter for mothers of children with ASD compared to those without ASD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preschool Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development

et al. 2019

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“…First, despite previous support for the reliability of breastfeeding recall [25, 26, 37], bias may still be present. Relatedly, given the time elapse between breastfeeding and when mothers were retrospectively asked to recall on their breastfeeding engagement, we categorised breastfeeding into ‘less than 6 months, 26–50 weeks, and 51 weeks or more’ rather than looking at shorter intervals of breastfeeding.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As Kramer et al [21] note, while no statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups on children’s behavioural outcomes were found under the intention to treat analysis, it is possible that the differences between the two groups, regarding the intensity and duration of breastfeeding, were not large enough to detect any effects. This may particularly be the case for behavioural outcomes given that some previous studies have supported a linear dose–response association [25, 26]. Moreover, the PROBIT trial examined behavioural outcomes using dichotomised scores of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (i.e., abnormal scores in the upper 85th percentile), which have a strong predictive validity of future clinical diagnosis [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and externalising problems: a quasi-experimental design with a national cohort

Girard

Doyle

Tremblay

2017

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Evidence from correlational studies supporting the benefits of breastfeeding on children’s externalising problems is mixed. Quasi-experimental approaches can help in better understanding possible ‘effects’. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal impact of breastfeeding on externalising problems from childhood into adolescence. Participants included ~ 5000 full-term children, from the Growing Up in Ireland Child Cohort. Externalising problems (conduct problems and hyperactivity) were assessed using both the parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire when children were age 9 and 13. Maternal reports were used to collect retrospective information on breastfeeding. Propensity score matching, and adjusting for multiple testing were used to compare the average treatment effects for children who were breastfed. Post matching results revealed statistically significant reductions in hyperactivity at age nine, using both maternal and teacher reports (difference score − 0.48, 95% CI − 0.85, − 0.11; and − 0.51, 95% CI − 0.90, − 0.12, respectively), for children who were breastfed between 6 and 12 months, but not thereafter. These effects were not maintained at age 13. Moreover, no effects of breastfeeding on conduct problems were found at any age, regardless of duration, using either maternal or teacher report. While some benefits of breastfeeding were found, compatible with a temporary modest reduction in hyperactivity, related to being breastfed for 26–50 weeks, these results must be viewed in the context of reliance of propensity score matching on observable characteristics. Additionally, our results are suggestive of a potential non-linear dose–response of breastfeeding on hyperactivity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00787-017-1085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Studies have associated breastfeeding with a lower prevalence of ADHD [156]. In contrast, formula-fed newborns showed a strong correlation with ADHD diagnosis [157][158][159]. The nutritious breast milk not only contains human milk oligosaccharides acting as prebiotics important for establishing a healthy gut microbiome but also consists of vitamins and antibodies [160].…”

Section: Breastfeeding Vs Formula Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Influence of the Microbiome on the Development and Progression of ADHD

Bull-Larsen¹,

Mohajeri²

2019

Preprint

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The latest research cumulates staggering information about the correlation between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review aims to shed light on the potential influence of the microbiome on the development of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disease, attention-deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD). As the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are still unclear, finding viable biomarkers and effective treatment still represent a challenge. Therefore, we focused on factors that have been associated with a higher risk of developing ADHD while simultaneously influencing the microbial composition. We reviewed the effect of a differing microbial composition on neurotransmitter concentrations important in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Additionally, we deduced factors that correlate with a high prevalence of ADHD while simultaneously affecting the gut microbiome such as emergency c-sections, and premature birth as the former leads to a decrease of the gut microbial diversity and the latter causes neuroprotective Lactobacillus levels to be reduced. Also, we assessed nutritional influences such as breastfeeding, ingestion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the host's microbiome and development of ADHD. Finally, we discussed the potential significance of Bifidobacterium as a biomarker for ADHD, the importance of preventing premature birth as prophylaxis and nutrition as a prospective therapeutic measurement against ADHD.

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Recalled Initiation and Duration of Maternal Breastfeeding Among Children with and Without ADHD in a Well Characterized Case–Control Sample

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

Association Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preschool Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development

Association Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preschool Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development

Breastfeeding and externalising problems: a quasi-experimental design with a national cohort

The Potential Influence of the Microbiome on the Development and Progression of ADHD

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