Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective

Anderson, Richard C.; Pichert, James W.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(78)90485-1

Cited by 789 publications

(508 citation statements)

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“…What the reader already believes about a topic helps to structure the interpretation of new messages about this topic. Indeed, as we have argued in detail elsewhere (Pichert & Anderson, 1977;Steffensen, Jogdeo, & Anderson, 1978), there is good reason to believe that content schemata are more important to reading comprehension than textual schemata.…”

Section: Different Points In Timementioning

confidence: 73%

“…Or, alternate introductions to the passage have been written so as to cause readers to identify with different characters (Owens, Dafoe, & Bower, 1979). Or, schemata have been manipulated by selecting subjects with different amounts of knowledge about a topic or different cultural backgrounds (Anderson, Reynolds, Schallert, & Goetz, 1977;Steffensen, Jogdeo, & Anderson, 1978;Spilich, Vesonder, Chiesi, & Voss, 1979 Our previous research has established that a schema has an effect on retrieval in addition to any it may have on encoding (Anderson & Pichert, 1978). Subjects directed to take either a homebuyer or a burglar perspective read a story about two boys playing hooky from school.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of the reader's schema at different points in time.

Anderson¹,

Pichert²,

Shirey³

1983

Journal of Educational Psychology

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In two experiments, subjects were instructed to take a distinctive point of view while reading and recalling a story. Perspectives assigned before reading, shortly after reading, and long after reading all had substantial effects on recall. The results were interpreted to mean that the schema brought into play by the perspective instructions selectively enhances encoding when operative during reading and selectively enhances retrieval when operative during attempts at recall. The schema operative during reading appears to influence not only the likelihood that certain text elements will be learned but also their longevity in memory.

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Section: Different Points In Timementioning

confidence: 73%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the reader's schema at different points in time.

Anderson¹,

Pichert²,

Shirey³

1983

Journal of Educational Psychology

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“…Studies using adult samples have found effective ways of gaining extra information from a witness during an initial interview (for example, by asking the witness to recall the event again but from another perspective, Anderson & Pichert, 1978). However, developmental issues, such as children being more easily tired or not being able to understand more complicated instructions, can make these less practical.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Repeated Interviews with Children

Waterhouse

Ridley

Bull

et al. 2016

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Concerns regarding repeat interviews with child witnesses include greater use of suggestive questions in later interviews due to bias, and that children may appear inconsistent and, therefore, be judged as less reliable in court. UK transcripts of first and second interviews with 21 child victims/witnesses (conducted by qualified interviewers) were coded for question types and child responses. Interviewers were consistent in their proportional use of question types across interviews. Furthermore, children were as informative in second interviews as in first, mostly providing new details consistent with their prior recall. Despite the apparent lack of training in conducting repeated interviews, no negative effects were found; second interviews appeared to be conducted as well as initial interviews and they provided new details without many contradictions. It is suggested that when a child's testimony is paramount for an investigation, a well-conducted supplementary interview may be an effective way of gaining further investigative leads.

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“…Bartlett (1932) was the first investigator to bring widespread attention to the effect of schemata on recall, with his investigations demonstrating that, in recounting a Native American folk tale, English participants reconstructed the story to better fit the Western schema of a typical narrative structure (see Bergman & Roediger, 1999, for a more recent replication of Bartlett's findings). Much of the early experimental work on the cognitive underpinnings of memory likewise examined the role of schemata (see for example, Anderson & Pichert, 1978;Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Sulin & Dooling, 1974).…”

Section: Shapes Memory For Fictional Life Storiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

Koppel

Berntsen

2013

Memory

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We tested, across three studies, the effect of the cultural life script on memory and its phenomenological properties. We focused, in particular, on the mnemonic effects of both schema-consistency and frequency in the life script. In addition to testing recognition (in Study 1) and recall (in Studies 2 and 3), we also collected remember/know judgments for remembered events (in Studies 1 and 2) and memory for their emotional valence (in Study 2). Our primary finding was that, across all three studies, higher-frequency events were more memorable than lower-frequency events, as measured through either recognition or recall. We also attained three additional, complementary effects: First, schema-inconsistent events received remember ratings more often than schema-consistent events (in Study 2, with a trend to this effect in Study 1); second, where an event's emotional valence was inconsistent with the life script, memory for its valence was reconstructed to fit the script (in Study 2); and, third, intrusions in recall were disproportionately for life script events (in Study 3), though that was not the case in recognition (in Study 1). We conclude that the life script serves as a cognitive schema in how it shapes memory and its phenomenological properties. Memory, 22, December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 4 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis inThe Cultural Life Script as Cognitive Schema: How the Life Script Shapes Memory for Fictional Life StoriesThe cognitive schema (i.e., a mental structure that organizes one's knowledge and assumptions about the world) represents one of the oldest and most influential concepts in cognitive psychology (see Neisser, 1976, for an overview of early work on schemata). Schemata have been found to structure cognition across a range of contexts, including, and most importantly for the present purpose, to play a role in structuring memory. Bartlett (1932) was the first investigator to bring widespread attention to the effect of schemata on recall, with his investigations demonstrating that, in recounting a Native American folk tale, English participants reconstructed the story to better fit the Western schema of a typical narrative structure (see Bergman & Roediger, 1999, for a more recent replication of Bartlett's findings). Much of the early experimental work on the cognitive underpinnings of memory likewise examined the role of schemata (see for example, Anderson & Pichert, 1978;Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Sulin & Dooling, 1974).In the present investigation, we followed in the vein of a more recent experimental tradition on the influence of schemata on memory. December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 5 which had not actually been in the room. Brewer and Treyens interpret their findings for correct recognition and recall as indicating that schemata facilitate retrieval of items which are consistent with a given schema. However, in a su...

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Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective

Cited by 789 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of the reader's schema at different points in time.

Effects of the reader's schema at different points in time.

Dynamics of Repeated Interviews with Children

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

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