Rebuttal from Peter D. Wagner

Wagner, Peter D.

doi:10.1113/jp270742

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Incarceration statistics suggest that Hispanic communities were less affected by mass incarceration trends of the 1980s and 1990s, possibly because of the types of drug offenses that drove the levels of incarceration . There may also be some protective effect of immigration and emigration within these communities that may provide some stability in the face of social disorganization secondary to incarceration . While we did not find an association with incarceration, there are still disparities in firearm violence between Hispanic and White communities that may not be explained by incarceration, but that may still lie in socioeconomic and neighborhood-level factors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…Given the scope of the study, we did not further elucidate other avenues through which socioeconomic factors influence Hispanic and White firearm homicides, but further studies should be performed to elucidate these pathways. Incarceration statistics suggest that Hispanic communities were less affected by mass incarceration trends of the 1980s and 1990s, possibly because of the types of drug offenses that drove the levels of incarceration . There may also be some protective effect of immigration and emigration within these communities that may provide some stability in the face of social disorganization secondary to incarceration .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago

Poulson,

Riley,

Haqqani

et al. 2024

JAMA Surg

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ImportanceBlack and other racially minoritized groups are overrepresented among those who experience firearm homicide. There has been a stark increase in incarcerated populations in the US since the 1980s, largely due to differential drug sentencing, of which racially minoritized individuals are also overrepresented; social disorganization theory postulates that community and family instability resulting from incarceration can further worsen crime.ObjectiveTo understand the association of race-specific incarceration with race-specific firearm violence rates in Chicago, Illinois, through the lens of social vulnerability and family instability.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study with a retrospective cohort design utilized homicide data for the city of Chicago from January 1, 2001, to August 31, 2019. Demographic data at the census block level was obtained from the 2010 decennial census. Incarceration rates were obtained by race and ethnicity at the census tract level from the Opportunity Atlas. Data analysis occurred from January to June 2023.ExposureRace-specific incarceration rates were the primary exposures of interest. The Social Vulnerability Index and single-parent households were studied as mediators.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRace-specific firearm homicide rates were the outcomes of interest. Structural equation modeling was used to understand the mediating effect of social vulnerability and single-parent households on the association of incarceration with firearm homicides.ResultsA total of 46 312 census blocks were evaluated. Black-specific incarceration rates were found to be associated with Black-specific firearm homicides (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.50-1.94), but there was no association for Hispanic incarceration rates (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28) or White incarceration rates (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.39-1.16). In the association of Black incarceration rates with Black firearm homicide rates, social vulnerability did not mediate the interaction, but the percentage of single-parent households mediated 23% of the interaction.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that higher rates of incarceration were associated with increased rates of firearm homicides among Black communities alone; this association was found to be mediated partially through the density of single-parent households in these areas, suggesting that social disorganization resulting from mass incarceration may perpetuate firearm homicides. Targeted policies addressing mass incarceration and the disparities therein may be a means of reducing urban firearm homicides.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago

Poulson,

Riley,

Haqqani

et al. 2024

JAMA Surg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The PSBMA‐PAD@PDMS membrane exhibited an expected CO 2 :O 2 permeance ratio of ≈10.7, which was closer to that of human alveoli (20:1) than the membranes reported in literature. [ 9 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 8 ] Nonetheless, the PMP membrane was reported to have a certain difference in the CO 2 :O 2 permeance ratio compared with the alveoli. [ 9 ] Beyond that, certain materials with excellent biocompatibility, such as polyurethane and fluoropolymer, have gained increasing attention and are expected to replace commercial membrane materials. [ 10 ] In addition, material surfaces are typically subjected to modifications to mitigate thrombus formation, such as surface endothelialization or surface graftion of anticoagulant substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric Triple‐Functional Janus Membrane for Blood Oxygenation

Zhao,

Gao,

Chang

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The oxygenation membrane, a core material of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), is facing challenges in balancing anti‐plasma leakage, gas exchange efficiency, and hemocompatibility. Here, inspired by the asymmetric structural features of alveolus pulmonalis, a novel triple‐functional membrane for blood oxygenation with a Janus architecture is proposed, which is composed of a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to prevent plasma leakage, an ultrathin polyamide layer to enhance gas exchange efficiency with a CO2:O2 permeance ratio of ≈10.7, and a hydrophilic polyzwitterionic layer to improve the hemocompatibility. During the simulated ECMO process, the Janus oxygenation membrane exhibits excellent performance in terms of thrombus formation and plasma leakage prevention, as well as adequate O2 transfer rate (17.8 mL min−1 m−2) and CO2 transfer rate (70.1 mL min−1 m−2), in comparison to the reported oxygenation membranes. This work presents novel concepts for the advancement of oxygenation membranes and demonstrates the application potential of the asymmetric triple‐functional Janus oxygenation membrane in ECMO.

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Rebuttal from Peter D. Wagner

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago

The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago

Asymmetric Triple‐Functional Janus Membrane for Blood Oxygenation

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