Reassortant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Pigs, United Kingdom

Howard, Wendy A.; Essen, Steve; Strugnell, Ben; Russell, Christine; Barrass, Laura; Reid, Scott M.; Brown, Ian H.

doi:10.3201/eid1706.101886

Cited by 48 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This setting would thus seem to be especially suitable for the circulation of diverse strains of human as well as zoonotic influenza viruses, with the potential for virus coinfection and production of reassortants. Indeed, numerous reassortants between pH1N1 and other influenza viruses have been reported 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 42, 43, 44. Although the small number of animals on backyard farms and limited transference of animals between farms may limit the potential for virus transmission between swine, continued intensive surveillance for influenza virus reassortants in backyard farms is warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1) was first identified among humans in March 2009 and generated the first pandemic of the 21st century 3. Since 2009, pH1N1 has become endemic in human populations globally and there have been numerous reports of human‐to‐swine transmission 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Most of these reports, however, have focused on larger scale industrial farms,4, 7, 11, 18 as opposed to smaller scale backyard farms, despite the fact that large numbers of pigs are raised in backyard settings, particularly in developing countries, providing considerable opportunity for influenza virus transmission between humans and livestock 21, 22…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru

Tinoco

Kasper

Nelson

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

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ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru.DesignTwo‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period).SampleBackyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period.Main outcome measuresWe assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru.ResultsAmong 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru

Tinoco

Kasper

Nelson

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It also underscores the potential threat that H9N2 viruses could pose to humans as a future pandemic subtype. Swine can be host to both H9N2 and H1N1pdm viruses, and both viruses have a history of reassortment in swine (Howard et al, 2011;Vijaykrishna et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2011). Pigs could also serve as a suitable environment for adaptation to the mammalian host of any potential reassortant virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted H9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail

Obadan

Kimble

Rajão

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Influenza A virus is a major pathogen of birds, swine and humans. Strains can jump between species in a process often requiring mutations and reassortment, resulting in outbreaks and, potentially, pandemics. H9N2 avian influenza is predominant in poultry across Asia and occasionally infects humans and swine. Pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) is endemic in humans and swine and has a history of reassortment in pigs. Previous studies have shown the compatibility of H9N2 and H1N1pdm for reassortment in ferrets, a model for human infection and transmission. Here, the effects of ferret adaptation of H9 surface gene segments on the infectivity and transmission in at-risk natural hosts, specifically swine and quail, were analysed. Reassortant H9N1 and H9N2 viruses, carrying seven or six gene segments from H1N1pdm, showed infectivity and transmissibility in swine, unlike the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferretadapted surface genes. In quail, only the reassortant H9N2 with the six internal gene segments from the H1N1pdm strain was able to infect and transmit, although less efficiently than the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferret-adapted surface genes. These results highlight that ferretadapted mutations on the haemagglutinin of H9 subtype virus do not restrict the ability of the virus to infect swine and quail, and that the ability to transmit in these species depends on the context of the whole virus. As such, this study emphasizes the threat that H9N2 reassortant viruses pose to humans and agricultural species and the importance of the genetic constellation of the virus to its ability to replicate and transmit in natural hosts of influenza.

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“…In addition, the NA protein had 119E, 292R and 274H, suggesting suscepti-bility to oseltamivir. H1 subtype (i.e., H1N1 and H1N2) reassortants of pH1N1 and endemic SIVs have been isolated from pigs worldwide [5,7,10,15,18,20,22]. A reassortant H3N2 SIV was only recently isolated from Minnesotan pigs and had PA, NP and M genes from the pH1N1 [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of novel reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes in the United States

Liu

et al. 2011

Arch Virol

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Reassortant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Pigs, United Kingdom

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru

Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru

Replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted H9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail

Emergence of novel reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes in the United States

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