Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Containing Low Pathogenic Viral Genes in a Local Live Poultry Market, Vietnam

Le, Tran Bac; Le, Van Phan; Lee, Jieun; Kang, Jung‐Ah; Trinh, Thi Bich Ngoc; Lee, Hyeok Won; Jeong, Dae Gwin; Yoon, Sun‐Woo

doi:10.1007/s00284-021-02661-z

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Due to the migration of wild birds and live poultry trade activities, the viral recombination of different subtypes of AIVs in different regions might occur. In December 2016, a HPAIV H5N6 strain with a Japanese duck-origin H3N8 strain-derived PA gene was isolated at a local live poultry market in northern Vietnam [ 33 ]. A novel reassortant H3N8 avian influenza virus originating from North America and Eurasia was isolated from ducks at a live poultry market in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Liang

Cai

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Wild birds play an important role in the emergence, evolution, and spread of zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, there are few studies on the cross-species transmission of the H3N8 AIV originating from wild birds. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility and pathogenicity of two H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild birds, GZA1 and XJ47, to mammals. The HA genes of both strains belonged to Eurasian isolates, while the other genes were derived from a variety of other subtypes of AIVs. Both strains can infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, BALB/c mice, and guinea pigs. The XJ47 strain spread horizontally in SPF chickens and guinea pigs. The GZA1 strain did not spread horizontally but caused higher weight loss and mild lung inflammation in mice. P12-GZA1- and P12-XJ47-adapted strains obtained after 12 passages in the lung of mice showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, which led to obvious clinical symptoms, lung inflammation, and 100% death. Both adapted strains have the reported mutation T97I in the PA, and the reported mutation D701N in PB2 has been found in the P12-GZA1-adapted strain. This study provides an important scientific basis for the continuous monitoring of wild AIVs and the mechanism underlying AIV cross-species transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Liang

Cai

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…This situation promoted the reassortment event that led to the antigenic shift. The report on the reassortment of LPAIV with H5N6 HPAIV was released in Vietnam [19,21]. Furthermore, mixing many species and a free-grazing farming model might enhance the frequency of reassortment events [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, buying hatchlings due to low price had 11.11 (95% CI: 1.49-92. 19) times higher risk in birds with LPAIV positive than that due to accessibility. Farmers unwilling to report an AI event were 27.51 (95% CI: 7.79-127.45) times at higher risk of possessing LPAIV positive birds than those reporting an AI event.…”

Section: Univariable Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Risk profile of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus infections in farms in southern Vietnam

Isoda

Nguyen

et al. 2022

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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The impact of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) has been confirmed mainly in farms. Unlike apparent losses caused by the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), the LPAI impact has been hardly evaluated due to underestimating its spread and damage. In 2019, a questionnaire study was conducted in southern Vietnam to identify the specific risk factors of LPAI virus (LPAIV) circulation and to find associations between husbandry activities and LPAI prevalence. A multilevel regression analysis indicated that keeping Muscovy ducks during farming contributed to LPAIV positivity [Odds ratio=208.2 (95% confidence interval:13.4-1.1×10 4 )]. In cluster analysis, farmers willing to report avian influenza (AI) events and who agreed with the local AI control policy had a slightly lower risk for LPAIV infection although there was no significance in the correlation between farmer characteristics and LPAI occurrence. These findings indicated that keeping Muscovy ducks without appropriate countermeasures might increase the risk of LPAIV infection. Furthermore, specific control measures at the local level are effective for LPAIV circulation, and the improvement of knowledge about biosecurity and attitude contributes to reducing LPAI damage.

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“…Several such reassortments among HPAIVs and LPAIVs have been reported. Between 2011 and 2016, four reassorted viruses containing two to five LPAIV genes (H5N2 clade 2.3.4, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b, H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 group C, and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B HPAIVs) were isolated in China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Russia, respectively [14][15][16][17]. However, it is unclear when and where all of these reassortment events occurred, because the putative parent HPAIVs and LPAIVs were isolated from different locations and in different seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Genotype of HA Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Subtype High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Emerged at a Wintering Site of Migratory Birds in Japan, 2021/22 Winter

Mihiretu,

Usui,

Kiyama

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) was conducted in the 2021–2022 winter season at a wintering site of migratory Anatidae in Japan. An H5N8 subtype high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) with a unique gene constellation and four low pathogenicity AIVs (LPAIVs) were isolated from environmental samples. The genetic origin of the HPAIV (NK1201) was determined with whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Six of NK1201’s eight genes were closely related to HA clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 subtype HPAIVs, belonging to the G2a group, which was responsible for outbreaks in poultry farms in November 2021 in Japan. However, the remaining two genes, PB1 and NP, most closely matched those of the LPAIVs H7N7 and H1N8, which were isolated at the same place in the same 2021–2022 winter. No virus of the NK1201 genotype had been detected prior to the 2021–2022 winter, indicating that it emerged via genetic reassortment among HPAIV and LPAIVs, which were prevalent at the same wintering site. In addition, experimental infection in chickens indicated that NK1201 had slightly different infectivity compared to the reported infectivity of the representative G2a group H5N8 HPAIV, suggesting that the PB1 and NP genes derived from LPAIVs might have affected the pathogenicity of the virus in chickens. Our results directly demonstrate the emergence of a novel genotype of H5N8 HPAIV through gene reassortment at a wintering site. Analyses of AIVs at wintering sites can help to identify the emergence of novel HPAIVs, which pose risks to poultry, livestock, and humans.

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Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Containing Low Pathogenic Viral Genes in a Local Live Poultry Market, Vietnam

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Risk profile of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus infections in farms in southern Vietnam

Novel Genotype of HA Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Subtype High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Emerged at a Wintering Site of Migratory Birds in Japan, 2021/22 Winter

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