Reassessment of the sulfur and halogen emissions from the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan (Paektu) volcano

Scaillet, Bruno; Oppenheimer, Clive

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107909

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 80 publications

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“…Estimates of bulk volatile contents based on element conservation (i.e., preservation of a given element during magma evolution from mafic to felsic compositions) will represent upper limits (e.g., Vidal et al, 2016) since they neglect potential pre-eruptive volatile loss. A reassessment of the sulfur budget for the 946 CE Millennium Eruption of Paektu-Changbaishan has suggested that up to half of the volatiles in the reservoir could have escaped the upper crustal reservoir prior to eruption (Scaillet & Oppenheimer, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Budget and Atmospheric Fate of Sulfur Emissions From Large Volcanic Eruptions

Scaillet,

Oppenheimer

2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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Today, volcanic sulfur emissions into the atmosphere are measured spectroscopically from the ground, air and space. For eruptions prior to the satellite era, two main sulfur proxies are used, the rock and ice core records, as illustrated by Peccia et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103334). The first approach is based on calculations of the sulfur content of the magma, while the second uses traces of sulfur deposited in ice. Both approaches have their limitations. For glaciochemistry, the volcano responsible for a sulfur anomaly is often unknown and the atmospheric pathway by which the sulfur reached the ice uncertain. The petrologic method relies, too, on uncertain estimates of eruption size and a number of geochemical assumptions that are hard to verify. A deeper knowledge of processes occurring both within magma bodies prior to eruption, and within volcanic plumes in the atmosphere is needed to further our understanding of the impacts of volcanism on climate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Budget and Atmospheric Fate of Sulfur Emissions From Large Volcanic Eruptions

Scaillet,

Oppenheimer

2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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Eruption plumes extended more than 30 km in altitude in both phases of the Millennium eruption of Paektu (Changbaishan) volcano

Costa,

Mingari,

Smith

et al. 2024

Commun Earth Environ

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The Millennium Eruption of Paektu volcano, on the border of China and North Korea, generated tephra deposits that extend >1000 km from the vent, making it one of the largest eruptions in historical times. Based on observed thicknesses and compositions of the deposits, the widespread tephra dispersal is attributed to two eruption phases fuelled by chemically distinct magmas that produced both pyroclastic flows and fallout deposits. We used an ensemble-based method with a dual step inversion, in combination with the FALL3D atmospheric tephra transport model, to constrain these two different phases. The volume of the two distinct phases has been calculated. The results indicate that about 3-16 km3 (with a best estimate of 7.2 km3) and 4-20 km3 (with a best estimate of 9.3 km3) of magma were erupted during the comendite and trachyte phases of the eruption, respectively. Eruption rates of up to 4 × 108 kg/s generated plumes that extended 30-40 km up into the stratosphere during each phase.

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Enduring effects of the ‘Millennium Eruption’ of Changbaishan on mountain vegetation composition

Du,

Oppenheimer,

Büntgen

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Large explosive volcanic eruptions can cover wide areas of land with tephra, profoundly disturbing ecological and societal systems. However, while consequences of tephra fallout and flow deposits have been well studied on annual to decadal timescale, little is known about centennial and longer-term changes in vegetation composition. Here, we reconstruct the pre-eruption vegetation and local climatic conditions on Changbaishan (aka Mt. Paektu) volcano from relict trees recovered from the deposits of its colossal 946 CE ‘Millennium Eruption’. A comparison of forest composition and structure deduced from the subfossil material with today’s forests on the mountain reveals still ongoing impacts more than thousand years after the eruption occurred. Today’s higher abundance of broad-leaved species reflects the long-term vegetation recovery following the eruption rather than the effects of anthropogenic warming that have been suggested previously. Further ecological succession, accelerated by global warming, is likely to reduce or eliminate the alpine tundra now prevalent on the upper slopes of Changbaishan. Our study emphasizes the value of assessing post-volcanic vegetation responses in a long temporal context.

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Reassessment of the sulfur and halogen emissions from the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan (Paektu) volcano

Cited by 3 publications

References 80 publications

On the Budget and Atmospheric Fate of Sulfur Emissions From Large Volcanic Eruptions

On the Budget and Atmospheric Fate of Sulfur Emissions From Large Volcanic Eruptions

Eruption plumes extended more than 30 km in altitude in both phases of the Millennium eruption of Paektu (Changbaishan) volcano

Enduring effects of the ‘Millennium Eruption’ of Changbaishan on mountain vegetation composition

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