Reassessing the “traditional background hypothesis” for elevated MMPI and MMPI-2 Lie-scale scores.

Rosen, Gerald M.; Baldwin, Scott A.; Smith, Ronald E.

doi:10.1037/pas0000262

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…One limitation of this study was that we were not able to determine the level of absolute degree of strength of faith in the Muslim religion, only whether increasing levels of faith, as measure by the MMS, were associated with increasing L-r scale scores, because there is no normative data for the MMS. It is important to note, however, that in the Rosen et al (2016) meta-analysis, the only evidence for strength of religious belief is that the participants had applied for and were members or students of a seminary or rabbinical school.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent meta-analytic study, Rosen, Baldwin, and Smith (2016) examined the viability of the TBH by comparing MMPI-2 L scale elevations in study samples presumed to reflect strong Christian (and Judeo) faith–based values and behaviors relative to the MMPI-2 normative sample. Consistent with their hypothesis, Rosen et al reported that the overall the average L scale elevation was 0.50 SD greater than that of the normative sample.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Examining the “traditional background hypothesis” for the MMPI-2–RF L-r scores in a Muslim faith–based sample.

Bagby¹,

Onno²,

Mortezaei³

et al. 2020

Psychological Assessment

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The traditional background hypothesis (TBH) is a long-standing belief associated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L scale; a validity scale, which appears on every version of the family of MMPI instruments including the soon-to-be released MMPI-3. The L scale was originally designed to assess whether test respondents presented themselves in an unrealistically favorable light. Both researchers and clinicians noted, however, that those from traditional Christian faith–based groups produced elevated L-scale scores. A recent meta-analysis supported this observation, reporting an average L-scale elevation 0.50 SD greater than the MMPI-2 normative sample compared to samples of those with presumptively strong Christian–Judeo faith. Some limitations of this meta-analysis are that (a) the samples used in it included those undergoing an evaluative assessment, which could elevate L-scale scores independent of strength of faith belief, and (b) direct assessments of strength of faith or positive impression management were included or measured independently. Our primary goal in this study was to examine the TBH addressing these limitations with a sample of those who self-identified as believers in the Muslim faith (N = 267), the examination of which expands the scope beyond those of the Christian–Judeo faith. Consistent with previous results, the mean L-r (MMPI/MMPI-2 L scale counterpart on the MMPI-2—Restructured Form) was 56.41 T. Higher L-r scale scores were associated with increasing strength in the Muslim faith, and although increasing L-r scores were primarily associated with impression management, increasing Muslim-based faith values had a nontrivial influence on L-r scores and especially in the moderate score range of this scale.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the “traditional background hypothesis” for the MMPI-2–RF L-r scores in a Muslim faith–based sample.

Bagby¹,

Onno²,

Mortezaei³

et al. 2020

Psychological Assessment

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“…Of more salience for interpretive purposes are the candidate validity scales, where the L and K scale scores above 60 suggest some degree of defensiveness or general impression management concerns, as would be expected in the context of a psychological assessment. They may also reflect the influence of participants' conservative religious background, which as we discuss below has been particularly studied with regard to scale L (Duris, Bjork, & Gorsuch, 2007;Rosen, Baldwin, & Smith, 2016). Regardless of the source of these elevations, such scores on L and K should be con- Note: Respective group sizes were 606 and 154 for married and single women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Toward Normative MMPI-2 Profiles for Evangelical Missionaries in Candidate and Clinical Settings: Examining Differences by Setting, Generation, and Marital Status

Rosik

Slivoskey²,

Ogdon³

et al. 2016

Journal of Psychology and Theology

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In order to replicate and expand the work of Dimos (2013), we compiled the largest samples to date of MMPI-2 standard scale profiles among evangelical Christian missionary candidates (n =1227; 530 men and 696 women) and outpatients (n = 1431; 643 men and 788 women). Results indicated our candidate scale scores were remarkably similar to those reported by Dimos and together these datasets appear to converge on a reliable normative profile for this population. We also present a potential outpatient normative profile for our clinical sample. In distinguishing our samples from the MMPI-2 normative sample, we found that validity scale differences were most salient for the missionary candidates and several clinical scales provided the clearest contrasts for missionary outpatients. Potential profile shifts among successive generations were evident in the form of somewhat less defensiveness and, specific to outpatients, slightly more sensitivity and feelings of grievance. Finally, while the profiles of married and single candidates were essentially similar, among the clinical sample married missionaries appeared slightly more guarded and less distressed than their single counterparts.

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“…Previous reports made the following observations regarding L score: Drivers who have had a large-scale accident have higher L scores than those who have not had a large-scale accident;[ 7 ] patients placed in prison have high L scores;[ 8 ] policemen with high L scores at the time of examination for service tend to cause problems in the future;[ 9 ] and religious teaching (virtue) increases L score. [ 10 ] Another past study reported that individuals with very high L scores tend to show displeasure with surgery results, or to be “doctor shoppers”. [ 11 ] Namely, L score is used not to detect the credibility of the answer, but rather as an index that shows these individuals intentionally try to make themselves look better in the eyes of others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Patients with High Lie Scores in a Personality Test

Kasai

Sakakibara

Mizuno

2017

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background:It is reported that persons with high Lie score (L score) of a personality test are aggressively self-confident and are also related to depression or schizophrenia In this study, we examined the characteristics of patients with high L scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and examined the significance of the L score.Materials and Methods:We collected the data of 10789 subjects and examined the relationship between L score or the number of characteristic biased persons and the parameters of age, sex, education level, occupation, and degree of pain. Furthermore, we examined the changes in extraversion–introversion (E score), neuroticism (N score), and L scores at approximately 1 year after surgery in 1711 patients who underwent surgery at our university hospital or affiliated hospitals.Results:L score was significantly higher among persons with a high degree of pain, and ratio of the characteristic biased persons in L score was significantly high among persons in their 40s to 60s, healthcare professionals and those with a high degree of pain. Moreover, L score scarcely changed between before and after surgery when compared with E score and N score.Conclusion:L score is not greatly influenced by an individual's state of mind or situation at different times, and may indicate the personality traits proper to the person. It is shown that L score may indicate the personality trait characteristics of persons who want to make themselves look good in the eyes of other.

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Reassessing the “traditional background hypothesis” for elevated MMPI and MMPI-2 Lie-scale scores.

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Examining the “traditional background hypothesis” for the MMPI-2–RF L-r scores in a Muslim faith–based sample.

Examining the “traditional background hypothesis” for the MMPI-2–RF L-r scores in a Muslim faith–based sample.

Toward Normative MMPI-2 Profiles for Evangelical Missionaries in Candidate and Clinical Settings: Examining Differences by Setting, Generation, and Marital Status

Characteristics of Patients with High Lie Scores in a Personality Test

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