Reassessing the availability of crop residue as a bioenergy resource in India: A field-survey based study

Drivers of PM2.5 Episodes and Exceedance in India: A Synthesis From the COALESCE Network

“…The emission data set used in the simulation (BC = 1.1 Tg/year) reflects new activity data across all sectors. However, in this data set, emission factors from the literature were used, while the inventory is being presently updated with new field measurements of BC emission factors in the COALESCE project from agricultural residue burning (Kapoor et al., 2023), residential cooking and heating, which point to larger BC emission factors than those used from literature. In terms of secondary species, differences between modeled and measured concentrations include somewhat of an underestimation in sulfate (Figure 3c), and a significant overestimation in nitrate (Figure 3e), but with a minor underestimation in ammonium (Figure 3g).…”

“…Analysis of air pollution extremes on finer time scales, would require daily scale emissions. Emission uncertainties addressed in previous (Kapoor et al, 2023;Navinya et al, 2023;Tibrewal et al, 2023) and ongoing work will not alter broad conclusions on dominant emission source influence, on the spatial and temporal scales of analysis used here.…”

“…In this work, we use a new emissions inventory, generated as part of the COALESCE network, the Speciated Multi‐Pollutant Generator (SMoG‐India COALESCE ) for anthropogenic emissions over India, for the base year 2019 (Figure 1). The emissions inventory is underpinned by new sectoral methodologies for prominent sectors, based on a large data set of new primary surveys and secondary geospatial data, to capture recent transitions in residential energy (Navinya et al., 2023), agriculture (Kapoor et al., 2023), on‐road transport and brick manufacture (Tibrewal et al., 2023) sectors. Other energy sectors including industry, electricity generation, formal and informal industry, others—solvents, minerals and mobile diesel generators are updated for 2019 activity data and literature emission factors, unit‐level disaggregation for electricity and heavy industry, and with improved industrial process representation to generate emissions on a 5 × 5 km spatial resolution over India.…”

“…The SMoG‐India COALESCE inventory captures the large fuel transition which has taken place in residential cooking and heating from the launch of the Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana (PMUY, 2016) for the substitution of biomass fuels with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), albeit with barriers which lead to significant levels of continued fuel stacking with biomass. The agricultural residue burning data set (Kapoor et al., 2023) captures significant agricultural residue burning in central and peninsular India in the winter and pre‐monsoon months, in addition to the widely studied October–November burning of paddy residue in North India. Reconciled energy and fuel use in fired‐clay brick manufacture captures a larger use of biomass fuels in brick kilns than previously estimated (Tibrewal et al., 2023).…”