Reasons for medical evacuations of soldiers serving in International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operation in Afghanistan

Korzeniewski, Krzysztof; Gregulski, Robert

doi:10.5603/imh.2014.0040

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…cause irreversible damage to the olfactory system and result in a decreased ability to detect odors in general? While there is strong evidence for an increase in both acute (Korzeniewski et al, 2014) and chronic (Abraham et al, 2014) respiratory disease in deployed and post-deployed OIF military personnel, specific insults to the olfactory system (e.g. olfactory mucosa/epithelium, receptors, nerve, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Cortese¹,

Leslie²,

Uhde³

2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background Given that odors enhance the retrieval of autobiographical memories, induce physiological arousal, and trigger trauma-related flashbacks, it is reasonable to hypothesize that odors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For these reasons, this preliminary study sought to examine self-reported, odor-elicited distress in PTSD. Methods Combat veterans with (N=30) and without (N=22) PTSD and healthy controls (HC: N=21), completed an olfactory questionnaire that provided information on the hedonic valence of odors as well as their ability to elicit distress or relaxation. Results Two main findings were revealed: Compared to HC, CV+PTSD, but not CV-PTSD, reported a higher prevalence of distress to a limited number of select odors that included fuel (p=.004), blood (p=.02), gunpowder (p=.03), and burning hair (p=.02). In contrast to this increased sensitivity, a blunting effect was reported by both groups of veterans compared to HC that revealed lower rates of distress and relaxation in response to negative hedonic odors (p=.03) and positive hedonic odors (p<.001), respectively. Limitations The study is limited by its use of retrospective survey methods, whereas future investigations would benefit from laboratory measures taken prior, during, and after deployment. Conclusion The present findings suggest a complex role of olfaction in the biological functions of threat detection. Several theoretical models are discussed. One possible explanation for increased sensitivity to select odors with decreased sensitivity to other odors is the co-occurrence of attentional bias toward threat odors with selective ignoring of distractor odors. Working together, these processes may optimize survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Cortese¹,

Leslie²,

Uhde³

2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…An astonishing 350 million individuals are at risk of getting infected [10], particularly those living under poor circumstances in tropical and subtropical developing countries [11][12][13] and/or war-torn countries such as Afghanistan [14], Sudan [15], Iraq [16], and more recently, Syria [17]. The current global prevalence exceeds 12 million, each year more than 2.5 million new cases are diagnosed [10], and the estimated disease burden is 2.4 million disability-adjusted life years [10,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological, Biological and Clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis with Special Emphasis on Busi Yasi in Suriname

Mans¹,

Kent²,

Hu³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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The parasitic disease leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania which are transmitted by sand fly vectors of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Transmission can either be anthroponotic (human to human) or zoonotic through mammalian reservoirs such as dogs and rodents. Leishmaniasis has three principal clinical manifestations, namely cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The cutaneous form characteristically causes skin ulcers, the mucocutaneous form manifests as lesions of skin, mouth, and nose, and the (potentially lethal) visceral form affects the internal organs such as spleen and liver and also invades the bone marrow. Leishmaniasis is endemic in about ninety-eight countries and the diverse types of the disease occur in different regions of the world. CL is most common in Afghanistan, Algeria, Pakistan, Iran, Brazil, and Colombia; MCL is mainly restricted to countries of the Amazon Basin; and VL is most frequently seen in the Indian sub-continent, the Horn of Africa (Sudan and Ethiopia), and Brazil. The current global prevalence is estimated at about 12 million, and each year, the disease in one of its forms makes about 2 million new victims and claims up to 50,000 fatalities. This paper presents epidemiological, biological, and clinical aspects of leishmaniasis throughout the world; then focuses on the disease in the Republic of Suriname (South America); addresses in more detail the species of Leishmania parasites in that country; and concludes with potential future directions to improve our understanding of leishmaniasis in Suriname.

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Aeromedical Evacuations Within the French Armed Forces: Analysis of 2,129 Patients

et al. 2019

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Introduction The doctrine of medical support during French military operations is based on a triptych: forward medical stabilization, forward damage control surgery, and early strategic aeromedical evacuation (Strategic-AE). The aim of this study was to describe the last piece, the evacuation process of the French Strategic-AE. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using patient records from 2015 to 2017. All French service members requiring an air evacuation from a foreign country to a homeland medical facility were included. Data collected included age, medical diagnosis, priority categorization, boarding location, distance from Paris, type of plane and flight, medical team composition, timeline, and dispatch at arrival. Results We analyzed 2,129 patients evacuated from 71 countries, most from Africa (1,256), the Middle East (382), and South America (175). Most patients (1,958) were not severely injured, although some considered priority (103) or urgent (68). Diagnoses included disease (48.6%), nonbattle injuries (43%), battle stress (5.3%), and battle injuries (3%). 246 Strategic-AE used medical teams in flight, 136 of them in a dedicated Falcon aircraft. The main etiologies for those evacuations were battle injuries (24%), cardiovascular (15.4%), infections (8%), and neurologic (7.3%). The median time of management for urgent patients was about 16 hours but longer for priority patients (26 hours). Once in France, 1,146 patients were admitted to a surgery department and 96 to an intensive care unit. Conclusion This is the first study to analyze the French Strategic-AE system, which is doctrinally unique when compared to its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies. North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies favor care in the theatre in place of the French early Strategic-AE. However, in the event of a high intensity conflict, a combination of these two doctrines could be useful.

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Reasons for medical evacuations of soldiers serving in International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operation in Afghanistan

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Epidemiological, Biological and Clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis with Special Emphasis on Busi Yasi in Suriname

Aeromedical Evacuations Within the French Armed Forces: Analysis of 2,129 Patients

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