Reappearance of Electroencephalogram Slow Waves in Extended Sleep with Delayed Bedtime

Gagnon, Pierre; J, De Koninck; Broughton, Roger

doi:10.1093/sleep/8.2.118

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Fourth, since the temperature curve equations are based on data derived in a constant routine protocol, the naturally occurring influences of changes in environmental light and temperature, activity level, postural change, and the influence of sleep itself on temperature curves are not included. Fifth, the maximum of the curve of the integral brain sleep-state probability not only fits the habitual sleep time, but also its smaller peaks and troughs occur at times associated with the "forbidden zone" and "sleep gates" documented by Lavie (1989Lavie ( , 1997, with the so-called "postlunch dip," and with the timing of increased sleepiness in extended sleep protocols (Gagnon et al 1985;Dijk, Cajochen, Tobler et al 1991). A further implication of the model is that, at similar core temperature levels, as occurring at the start of its decay and the end of its rise, the sleep-state probability can still be different because mean skin temperature is not identical at those time points, as has indeed recently been demonstrated by Dijk (1999).…”

Section: Van Somerenmentioning

confidence: 78%

More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities

Someren

2000

Chronobiology International

286

193

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The neurobiological mechanisms of both sleep and circadian regulation have been unraveled partly in the last decades. A network of brain structures, rather than a single locus, is involved in arousal state regulation, whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has been recognized as a key structure for the regulation of circadian rhythms. Although most models of sleep regulation include a circadian component, the actual mechanism by which the circadian timing system promotes--in addition to homeostatic pressure--transitions between sleep and wakefulness remains to be elucidated. Little more can be stated presently than a probable involvement of neuronal projections and neurohumoral factors originating in the SCN. This paper reviews the relation among body temperature, arousal state, and the circadian timing system and proposes that the circadian temperature rhythm provides an additional signaling pathway for the circadian modulation of sleep and wakefulness. A review of the literature shows that increased brain temperature is associated with a type of neuronal activation typical of sleep in some structures (hypothalamus, basal forebrain), but typical of wakefulness in others (midbrain reticular formation, thalamus). Not only local temperature, but also skin temperature are related to the activation type in these structures. Warming of the skin is associated with an activation type typical of sleep in the midbrain reticular formation, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (CC). The decreasing part of the circadian rhythm in core temperature is mainly determined by heat loss from the skin of the extremities, which is associated with strongly increased skin temperature. As such, alterations in core and skin temperature over the day could modulate the neuronal activation state or "preparedness for sleep" in arousal-related brain structures. Body temperature may thus provide a third signaling pathway, in addition to synaptic and neurohumoral pathways, for the circadian modulation of sleep. A proposed model for the effects of body temperature on sleep appears to fit the available data better than previous hypotheses on the relation between temperature and sleep. Moreover, when the effects of age-related thermoregulatory alterations are introduced into the model, it provides an adequate description of age-related changes in sleep, including shallow sleep and awakening closer to the nocturnal core temperature minimum. Finally, the model indicates that appropriately timed direct (passive heating) or indirect (bright light, melatonin, physical activity) manipulation of the nocturnal profile of skin and core temperature may be beneficial to disturbed sleep in the elderly. Although such procedures could be viewed by researchers as merely masking a marker for the endogenous rhythm, they may in fact be crucial for sleep improvement in elderly subjects.

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Section: Van Somerenmentioning

confidence: 78%

More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities

Someren

2000

Chronobiology International

286

193

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“…In the data of Weitzman et al (1980), there is no solid evidence for a circadian modulation of SWS. Data presented by Webb and Agnew (1971) and Hume and Mills (1977) have been interpreted as evidence for a circadian influence on SWS (see Gagnon et al, 1985), although also in these studies the amount of SWS was primarily determined by the duration of prior wakefulness. Additional evidence for a circadian influence on SWS has been derived from studies in which sleep latency (i.e., the length of the interval between lights-off and the first epoch of sleep) was measured at several times within a single day.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

EEG Power Density during Nap Sleep: Reflection of an Hourglass Measuring the Duration of Prior Wakefulness

Dijk

Beersma²,

Daan³

1987

J Biol Rhythms

322

187

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The relation between the duration of prior wakefulness and EEG power density during sleep in humans was assessed by means of a study of naps. The duration of prior wakefulness was varied from 2 to 20 hr by scheduling naps at 1000 hr, 1200 hr, 1400 hr, 1600 hr, 1800 hr, 2000 hr, and 0400 hr. In contrast to sleep latencies, which exhibited a minimum in the afternoon, EEG power densities in the delta and theta frequencies were a monotonic function of the duration of prior wakefulness. The data support the hypothesis that EEG power density during non-rapid eye movement sleep is only determined by the prior history of sleep and wakefulness and is not determined by clock-like mechanisms.

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“…As such, they provide considerable support for a postulated approximately-12-hour rhythm in SWS propensity (Broughton, 1975(Broughton, , 1985. Previous studies that have examined the structure of extended sleep have also suggested such a relationship, because there is a reappearance of slow wave sleep in the last hours of such sleep episodes (Gagnon & De Koninck, 1984;Gagnon et al, 1985;Webb, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Thus, there were no means by which to adequately measure the circadian phase of SWS occurrence. Secondly, with the exception of one study (Gagnon et al, 1985), an influence of prior wakefulness could not be ruled out, because a certain amount of intervening wakefulness is likely to occur within very long sleep episodes. For example, an average of over 40 min of wakefulness occurred within the last 3 hours of extended sleep periods in which the reappearance of significant amounts of slow wave sleep was reported (Gagnon & De Koninck, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finding that slow wave sleep reappears toward the end of extended sleep episodes (Gagnon & De Koninck, 1984;Gagnon, De Koninck, & Broughton, 1985;Webb, 1986) has been cited in support of the hypothesis that there exists an approximately-12-hour rhythm in SWS tendency (Broughton, 1975(Broughton, , 1985, or that a damped ultradian rhythm, with a shorter frequency, is responsible for the occurrence of slow wave sleep (Lubin, Nute, Naitoh, & Martin, 1973). Clarification of factors influencing the occurrence of slow wave sleep is important for a complete understanding of the nature and function of this stage of sleep.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Evidence for Circadian Influence on Human Slow Wave Sleep During Daytime Sleep Episodes

Campbell

Zulley

1989

Psychophysiology

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The occurrence of slow wave sleep within spontaneously initiated daytime sleep episodes was studied to examine hypothesized associations with prior wakefulness and circadian factors. There was a strong relationship between measures of slow wave sleep and the proximity of sleep episodes to the maximum of body core temperature. Those sleep episodes that began within 4 hours of the maximum in body core temperature contained significantly more slow wave sleep than did all other daytime sleep periods, approximating proportions typical of nocturnal sleep. Multiple regression analysis revealed no relationship between measures of slow wave sleep and prior wakefulness. These findings are consistent with an hypothesized approximately-12-hour rhythm in the occurrence of slow wave sleep and they underscore the influence imposed on human sleep by the endogenous circadian timing system. DESCRIPTORS: Circadian rhythms, Slow wave sleep, Prior wakefulness, Naps, Body core temperature.Slow wave sleep (SWS) propensity has long been associated with the duration of prior wakefulness and of subsequent sleep. In an early study of the factors influencing SWS measures, Webb and Agnew (1971) concluded that the amount of Stage 4 sleep that occurred during the first 3 hours of a sleep episode was primarily determined by the duration of prior wakefulness. With increasing time asleep, the amount of Stage 4 sleep declined. More recently, it has been reported that prior wakefulness may account for up to 91% of the variance in SWS amounts recorded in subsequent sleep episodes, and that time asleep may account for up to 96% of the variance in the exponential decline of slow wave sleep across a sleep episode (Knowles, MacLean,

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Reappearance of Electroencephalogram Slow Waves in Extended Sleep with Delayed Bedtime

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities

More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities

EEG Power Density during Nap Sleep: Reflection of an Hourglass Measuring the Duration of Prior Wakefulness

Evidence for Circadian Influence on Human Slow Wave Sleep During Daytime Sleep Episodes

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