“…Similar publicness models also consider uses/users (Németh and Schmidt, 2011), management and inclusiveness (Langstraat and van Melik, 2013;Mehta, 2014), and so on as dimensions of publicness. The different publicness models have been variously applied to evaluate and compare public spaces' status quo (Varna and Tiesdell, 2010;Németh and Schmidt, 2011;Langstraat and van Melik, 2013;Mehta, 2014;Ekdi and Çıracı, 2015;Karaçor, 2016;Lopes, Santos Cruz, and Pinho, 2020), measure the change of publicness before and after a given development project (Akkar, 2003(Akkar, , 2005a(Akkar, , 2005b, and evaluate how different stakeholders contribute to the increase or decrease of publicness (Németh and Schmidt, 2011;Ho, Lai, and Wang, 2020). This is not an exhaustive summary of existing approaches to interpreting publicness, but it shows that most of these models, built on a singular ideal publicness that is «"out-there" and external to people» (Varna and Tiesdell, 2010: 578), are preoccupied with determining «what mix of conditions might lead to a highly public and democratic public space» (Tornaghi, 2015: 25).…”