Realizing complex delayed intentions in young and old adults: The role of planning aids

Kliegel, Matthias; Martin, Mike; McDaniel, Mark A.; Einstein, Gilles O.; Moor, Caroline

doi:10.3758/bf03193506

Cited by 48 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Consequently, at least some of the participants in this instructional condition might not spontaneously form a strong link between the target cue and the intention, a link that is explicitly emphasized in the implementation intention condition. Kliegel, Martin, McDaniel, Einstein, and Moor (2007) have provided evidence that participants' spontaneous prospective memory encodings when given typical prospective memory instructions do not necessarily focus sharply on the target-cue-intention link (see also Cohen & Gollwitzer, 2008;McDaniel, Howard, & Butler, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding

2010

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An implementation intention encoding, one that specifies the concrete situation that is appropriate for initiating an intended action and links that situational cue to the intended action, has been shown to improve prospective memory. One proposed mechanism is that implementation intentions create automatized prospective remembering. This view anticipates that implementation intentions should prevent prospective memory decline in highly cognitively demanding situations. Contrary to this expectation, although implementation intention encoding enhanced prospective memory (Experiments 1 and 2), implementation-intention encoding did not buffer against significant prospective memory decline in high-cognitive-demand conditions (Experiments 1-3), and in Experiment 3, implementation intention encoding produced lower levels of prospective memory performance than did behavioral practice in the high-cognitive-demand situation. We suggest that although implementation intentions may stimulate a strong associative encoding (between an anticipated environmental cue and an intended action), that encoding does not support a completely automatized prospective memory response.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding

2010

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“…Specifically, in an ill-structured multi-task prospective memory paradigm requiring participants to remember several intentions at once, participants were instructed to develop a plan that explicitly included a cue determining when they intended to start working on the single prospective memory tasks. Kliegel et al (2007) observed that the structure of successful plans was similar to implementation intentions, which take the form ''If situation X arises, then I will perform behaviour Y'' (Gollwitzer 1999). Implementation intentions describe a means of resolving the discrepancy between one's current and desired behaviour by specifying when, where, and how a goal-directed response will be executed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kliegel et al 2002Kliegel et al , 2003Kliegel et al , 2007. Kliegel et al (2007) showed that certain planning aids improved older adults' prospective memory performance to a level equal to that found in young adults. Specifically, in an ill-structured multi-task prospective memory paradigm requiring participants to remember several intentions at once, participants were instructed to develop a plan that explicitly included a cue determining when they intended to start working on the single prospective memory tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent conceptual approaches have examined the effects that intention formation-related processes like planning might have on prospective memory performance (e.g. Kliegel et al 2002Kliegel et al , 2003Kliegel et al , 2007. Kliegel et al (2007) showed that certain planning aids improved older adults' prospective memory performance to a level equal to that found in young adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: the paradoxical impact of implementation intentions

Schnitzspahn

Kliegel

2009

Eur J Ageing

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This study investigated age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults. The first aim was to explore this issue by examining event-and timebased prospective memory performance in two age groups: young-old (60-75 years) and old-old adults (76-90 years). Moreover, this study for the first time investigated whether forming implementation intentions could be used to improve prospective memory in young-old and old-old adults. Results showed a general effect of age in prospective memory performance for both task types. In addition, no general effect of implementation intentions in prospective memory performance across both task types and age groups was found. However, testing implementation intention effects separately for both age groups revealed that the formation of implementation intentions enhanced prospective memory only for the young-old adults, but did not substantially affect the performance in the time-based task and even impaired it in the event-based task for the old-old adults. Findings indicate that the formation of implementation intentions might be a powerful memory strategy for young-old adults, but not for the very old.

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“…In addition, Kliegel et al (2007) have recently shown that improving old adults' intention formation may lead to an equal prospective memory performance in young and old adults. Thus, the difficulties of old adults in the realization of delayed intentions might, at least in part, be due to a reduced strategic encoding capability and suggest age-related differences between young and old adults in the neural correlates of intention formation.…”

Section: Differential Compensational Mechanisms Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forming intentions successfully: Differential compensational mechanisms of adolescents and old adults

Zöllig

Martin

Kliegel

2010

Cortex

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(2010). Forming intentions successfully: Differential compensational mechanisms of adolescents and old adults. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 46(4):575-89. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior 2010, 46(4):575-89. Forming an intention is a key aspect of prospective memory, i.e., the ability to encode, retain, and later realize an intention with a delay of minutes, hours or days. Behavioural and neurophysiological findings from both prospective and retrospective memory research suggest that the efficiency of encoding processes is reduced at both ends of the lifespan and that neural generators underlying successful encoding might differ in childhood and old age. Hence, the present study investigates compensational neural mechanisms during the encoding of intentions in adolescents and old adults compared to young adults. METHODS: We compared Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and their source localization in 14 adolescents (11-13 years), 14 young adults (18-25 years), and 14 old adults (64-79 years) in a prospective memory task that was embedded in a semantic categorization task. RESULTS: Our data revealed three event-related modulations that differentiate between conditions (i.e., ongoing activity and successful intention formation trials) and groups. Source localizations of these modulations with standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) revealed compensational activations in adolescents and old adults compared to young adults in successful intention formation trials: while adolescents showed a higher activation of secondary occipital regions in the time window of 500-1200 msec with a maximum around 800 msec, old adults activated prefrontal regions to a greater extent beginning at 700 msec, persisting until 1200 msec and expanding to middle temporal regions. CONCLUSION: For a successful encoding of intentions adolescents and old adults recruit more neural generators than young adults. More importantly, the pattern of these compensational activations is different when comparing adolescents with young adults and old adults with young adults. These differences are discussed with regard to differential maturational changes in the brain. Introduction. Forming an intention is a key aspect of prospective memory, i.e., the ability to encode, retain, and later realize an intention with a delay of minutes, hours or days.Behavioural and neurophysiological findings from both prospective and retrospective memory research suggest that the efficiency of encoding processes is reduced at both ends of the lifespan and that neural generators underlying successful encoding might differ in childhood and old age. Hence, the present study investigates compensational neural mechanisms during the encoding of intentions in adolescents and old adults compared to young adults. ...

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Realizing complex delayed intentions in young and old adults: The role of planning aids

Cited by 48 publications

References 41 publications

Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding

Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding

Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: the paradoxical impact of implementation intentions

Forming intentions successfully: Differential compensational mechanisms of adolescents and old adults

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