Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review

Zhu, Caihan; Li, Tianya; Mohideen, Mohamedazeem M.; Hu, Ping; Gupta, Ramesh C.; Ramakrishna, Seeram; Liu, Yong

doi:10.3390/polym13050744

Cited by 56 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is a digital manufacturing process, in which the materials are added layer by layer to create 3D objects directly from the computer-aided design (CAD) models [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. 3D printing has gained significant popularity in the last two decades due to a number of appealing advantages such as the limitless design freedom and capability to produce low cost and multifunctional objects with highly delicate/complex structures in a short period of time [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, 3D printing has become a suitable manufacturing technique in both rapid prototyping as well as in various engineering fields such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, aerospace, electronics, biomedical, etc. [ 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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“…The most commonly used materials in extrusion-based 3D-printing are synthetic plastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and PLA in the form of filaments. 17,18,19 Natural fibers, such as hemp, which are composites of multiple biopolymers, and extracted single-component polymer fibers, such as cellulose, are often used as fillers in synthetic plastics. 20,2 Such biocomposite materials have been widely studied as filaments for 3D-printing in the past decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina‐based composites for 3D‐printing

Fredricks

Iyer

McDonald

et al. 2021

Journal of Polymer Science

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With material consumption increasing, the need for biodegradable materials derived from renewable resources becomes urgent, particularly in the popular field of 3D-printing. Processed natural fibers have been used as fillers for 3D-printing filaments and slurries, yet reports of utilizing pure biomass to 3D-print structures that reach mechanical properties comparable to synthetic plastics are scarce. Here, we develop and characterize slurries for extrusion-based 3D-printing comprised of unprocessed spirulina and varying amounts of cellulose fibers (CFs). Tuning the micro-morphology, density, and mechanical properties of multilayered structures is achieved by modulating the CF amount or drying method. Densified morphologies are obtained upon desiccator-drying, while oven incubation plasticizes the matrix and leads to intermediate densities. Freeze-drying creates low-density foam microstructures. The compressive strengths of the structures follow the same trend as their density. CFs are critical in the denser structures, as without the fibers, the samples do not retain their shape while drying. The compressive strength and strain to failure of the composites progressively increase with increasing filler content, ranging between 0.8 and 16 MPa and 12%-47%, respectively, at densities of 0.51-1.00 g/cm 3 . The measured properties are comparable to other biobased composites and commercial plastic filaments for 3D-printing.

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“…A positive future expression of Ephemeral Fabrication entails that personal fabrication became a ubiquitous technology [30,77], while being adapted to the new requirements and responsibilities of material usage. This speculative future focuses on the sustainability of personal fabrication, integrating re-use in a closed-loop of material [85,96]. A negative future expression of Ephemeral Fabrication, on the other hand, emerges from merely faster and more accessible tools for personal fabrication without the considerations of their impact (if genuinely adopted by a majority of the population).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ephemeral Fabrication: Exploring a Ubiquitous Fabrication Scenario of Low-Effort, In-Situ Creation of Short-Lived Physical Artifacts

Stemasov

Botner

Rukzio

et al. 2022

Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction

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Personal fabrication empowers users to create objects increasingly easier and faster. This continuous decrease in effort evokes a speculative scenario of Ephemeral Fabrication (EF), enabled and amplified by emerging paradigms of mobile, wearable, or even bodyintegrated fabrication. EF yields fast, temporary, in-situ solutions for everyday problems (e.g., creating a protective skin, affixing a phone). Users solely create those, since the required effort is negligible. We present and critically reflect on the EF scenario, by exploring current trends in research and building a body-worn fabrication device. EF is a plausible extrapolation of current developments, entailing both positive (e.g., accessibility) and negative implications (e.g., unsustainability). Using speculative design methodology to question the trajectory of personal fabrication, we argue that to avert the aftermath of such futures, topics like sustainability can not remain an afterthought, but rather be situated in interactions themselves: through embedded constraints, conscious material choice, and constructive embedding of ephemerality. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction (HCI).

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Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review

Cited by 56 publications

References 54 publications

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

Spirulina‐based composites for 3D‐printing

Ephemeral Fabrication: Exploring a Ubiquitous Fabrication Scenario of Low-Effort, In-Situ Creation of Short-Lived Physical Artifacts

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