Realization of a CDMA-based RFID System Using a Semi-active UHF Transponder

Loeffler, Andreas; Schuh, Fabian; Gerhaeuser, Heinz

doi:10.1109/icwmc.2010.78

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This probability is denoted by (26) where is the probability that balls are assigned to the first baskets in the total remaining baskets, is the probability that the remaining balls are assigned to the remaining baskets, and the summation is the probability that the mentioned balls are assigned to baskets, with no basket remains empty (in other words, each of the baskets only accommodates one and only one of the balls). The summation can be simplified as (27) Based on the above, can be written as (28) Now, the probability of observing baskets with more than one ball in each of them conditional on having empty and singly occupied baskets should be calculated. For , it is not that simple to calculate the probability of observing conditional on and directly.…”

Section: B Proposed Absorbing Markov Chain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

Vahedi

Ward

2014

IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng.

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a ubiquitous wireless technology which allows objects to be identified automatically. An RFID tag is a small electronic device with an antenna and has a unique identification (ID) number. RFID tags can be categorized into passive and active tags. For passive tags, a standard communication protocol known as EPC-global Generation-2, or briefly EPC Gen-2, is currently in use. RFID systems are prone to transmission collisions due to the shared nature of the wireless channel used by tags. The EPC Gen-2 standard recommends using dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique to solve the collision issue and to read the tag IDs successfully. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique used in the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol with the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique to reduce the number of collisions and to improve the tag identification procedure. In this paper, the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes are modeled as absorbing Markov chain systems. Using the proposed Markov chain systems, the analytical formulae for the average number of queries and the total number of transmitted bits needed to identify all tags in an RFID system are derived for both the EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes. In the next step, the performance of the EPC Gen-2 protocol is compared with the CDMA-based tag identification schemes and it is shown that the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol outperforms the CDMA-based tag identification schemes in terms of the number of transmitted bits and the average time required to identify all tags in the system. Note to Practitioners-In an RFID system, packet collisions can occur when multiple tags transmit a reply message simultaneously in response to a query from the reader. To cope with the collision issue in RFID systems, the EPC Gen-2 standard recommends the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique for tag identification purpose. Most of the RFID systems that are currently in use by industry have been designed and implemented based on the EPC Gen-2 standard. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the current dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique used in the EPC Gen-2 protocol with the CDMA technique to allow more tags to be read at each query and to expedite the tag identification procedure. The time needed to identify all tags in the system and the required bandwidth play an important role in designing a commercial or industrial RFID system. Therefore, before adapting the CDMA technique in new RFID systems, it is necessary to know the pros and cons of using this technique for the tag identifica-

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Section: B Proposed Absorbing Markov Chain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

Vahedi

Ward

2014

IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng.

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“…The demodulated signal stream is Manchester coded (Loeffler et al, 2010) and needs to be decoded accordingly. The resulting data stream corresponds to the transponder's respectively the user data.…”

Section: Decoding User Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Using CDMA as Anti-Collision Method for RFID - Research & Applications

Loeffler¹

2011

Current Trends and Challenges in RFID

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“…It adds great complexity and is expensive for RFID tags. Furthermore, this method consumes a great deal of power and can be classified as a group with elevated demands [13]. Figure 6 shows this procedure.…”

Section: Multi-access Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of RFID Anti-Collision Protocols for Tag Identification

2018

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio frequency signals to identify objects. RFID is one of the key technologies used by the Internet of Things (IoT). This technology enables communication between the main devices used in RFID, the reader and the tags. The tags share a communication channel. Therefore, if several tags attempt to send information at the same time, the reader will be unable to distinguish these signals. This is called the tag collision problem. This results in an increased time necessary for system identification and energy consumption. To minimize tag collisions, RFID readers must use an anti-collision protocol. Different types of anti-collision protocols have been proposed in the literature in order to solve this problem. This paper provides an update including some of the most relevant anti-collision protocols.

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Realization of a CDMA-based RFID System Using a Semi-active UHF Transponder

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

Using CDMA as Anti-Collision Method for RFID - Research & Applications

A Comparison of RFID Anti-Collision Protocols for Tag Identification

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