journal of social history winter 2005 pendent on the industrial sector for their livelihood. Moreover, these industrial pursuits, which in the case of aluminum and mining relied almost exclusively on men, dramatically affected gender relations, as women sought out new ways to maintain subsistence patterns even while living in company towns. Equally important, these modern and industrial pursuits helped to transform class rela.. tions and community ties by disrupting and transforming the upcountry South's rural class hierarchy, which depended less on wealth and occupation than on one's perceived industriousness, one's leadership within the local community, and one's longevity in the local community, to a class hierarchy in which occu .. pation and consumerism determined one's local status. By writing a history of the upcountry South which demonstrates the connec.. tions between agriculture and industry, and the numerous ways the state sought to trans form the land and people living there, Walker provides a much needed account of the South that should be of interest to all those who study the twen .. tieth century. Therefore readers should not be fooled by Walker's misleading and unfortunate title, for All We Knew Was to Farm provides an innovative and compelling story of the ways that rural women and men in the upcountry South encountered, embraced, and resisted the multiple facets of modernization.