Real-Time Volumetric Synthetic Aperture Software Beamforming of Row–Column Probe Data

Stuart, Matthias Bo; Jensen, Patrick Møller; Olsen, Jens V.; Kristensen, Alexander Borch; Schou, Mikkel; Dammann, Bernd; Sørensen, Henrik Rokkjær; Jensen, Jørgen Arendt

doi:10.1109/tuffc.2021.3071810

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Demands on the transmit stage, receive data rates, and storage sizes are also the same as for 2-D imaging. The number of beamforming operations depends on what should be visualized in terms on planes and volumes, but high-end GPU cards are capable of attaining real-time visualization of orthogonal planes, and 3-D solid volumes can be calculated in seconds [58,59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Jensen

Schou

Jorgensen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Row-column (RC) arrays have the potential to yield full three-dimensional ultrasound imaging with a greatly reduced number of elements compared to fully populated arrays. They, however, have several challenges due to their special geometry. This review paper summarizes the current literature for RC imaging and demonstrate that full anatomic and functional imaging can attain a high quality using synthetic aperture (SA) sequences and modified delay-and-sum beamforming. Resolution can approach the diffraction limit with an isotropic resolution of half a wavelength with low side-lobe levels, and the field-ofview can be expanded by using convex or lensed RC probes. GPU beamforming allows for 3 orthogonal planes to be beamformed at 30 Hz, providing near real time imaging ideal for positioning the probe and improving the operator's workflow. Functional imaging is also attainable using transverse oscillation and dedicated SA sequence for tensor velocity imaging for revealing the full 3-D velocity vector as a function of spatial position and time for both blood velocity and tissue motion estimation. Using RC arrays with commercial contrast agents can reveal super resolution imaging with isotropic resolution below 20 µm. RC arrays can, thus, yield full 3-D imaging at high resolution, contrast, and volumetric rates for both anatomic and functional imaging with the same number of receive channels as current commercial 1-D arrays.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efficient implementations of this type of beamforming has been developed for a GPU in [58,59]. The software is written under the CUDA environment and takes in radio frequency (RF) data from the row-column channels and then yields a focused line, image, or volume.…”

Section: A Beamforming Implementationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Jensen

Schou

Jorgensen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

Self Cite

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“…However, they are just technical numbers and do not reflect what should be expected in a clinical device. The SAF method has been widely used in clinical real-time US imaging platforms and has been marginally handled by modern GPU-accelerated computing units and efficient beamformer architectures (Jensen et al, 2013;Park et al, 2010;Stuart et al, 2021;Yiu et al, 2011). There is no technological hurdle to secure a clinically appropriate level of temporal resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for volumetric transrectal ultrasound imaging

Song¹,

Kang²,

Boctor³

2022

Preprint

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<p>In this paper, we present a novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for 3-dimensional (3-D) transrectal ultrasound imaging (TRUS-rSAF), in which multiple transmittance/reception events at different scanning angles are synthesized to reconstruct a radial plane in the target volume, securing high spatial resolution and texture uniformity. A theory-based design approach has not been available to push the envelope of the 3-D rSAF technique. Herein, a closed-form analytical description of the TRUS-rSAF method is presented for the first time, effectively delineating spatial resolution and grating lobe positions in the radial dimension of a TRUS transducer. We demonstrate a solid optimization workflow based on the theoretical foundation to improve its spatiotemporal resolution, grating lobe artifacts, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A specific design criterion was considered to outperform a clinical 3-D TRUS imaging (TRUS-REF), where each radial plane is reconstructed with a single transmittance/reception event using a motorized actuator. The optimized TRUS-rSAF method significantly enhanced spatial resolution up to 50 % over the TRUS-REF method while providing clinically-effective temporal resolution (2-8 volumes per second) with negligible grating lobe artifacts. The results indicate that the proposed design approach would enable a novel TRUS imaging solution in clinics.</p>

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“…However, they are just technical numbers and do not reflect what should be expected in a clinical device. The SAF method has been widely used in clinical real-time US imaging platforms and has been marginally handled by modern GPU-accelerated computing units and efficient beamformer architectures (Park et al ., 2010 ; Yiu et al ., 2011 ; Jensen et al ., 2013 ; Stuart et al ., 2021 ). There is no technological hurdle to secure a clinically appropriate level of temporal resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for volumetric transrectal ultrasound imaging

Song

Kang

Boctor

2022

Journal of Computational Design and Engineering

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In this paper, we present a novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for 3-dimensional (3-D) transrectal ultrasound imaging (TRUS-rSAF), in which multiple transmittance/reception events at different scanning angles are synthesized to reconstruct a radial plane in the target volume, securing high spatial resolution and texture uniformity. A theory-based design approach has not been available to push the envelope of the 3-D rSAF technique. Herein, a closed-form analytical description of the TRUS-rSAF method is presented for the first time, effectively delineating spatial resolution and grating lobe positions in the radial dimension of a TRUS transducer. We demonstrate a solid optimization workflow based on the theoretical foundation to improve its spatiotemporal resolution, grating lobe artifacts, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A specific design criterion was considered to outperform a clinical 3-D TRUS imaging (TRUS-REF), where each radial plane is reconstructed with a single transmittance/reception event using a motorized actuator. The optimized TRUS-rSAF method significantly enhanced spatial resolution up to 50% over the TRUS-REF method while providing clinically-effective temporal resolution (2–8 volumes per second) with negligible grating lobe artifacts. The results indicate that the proposed design approach would enable a novel TRUS imaging solution in clinics.

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Real-Time Volumetric Synthetic Aperture Software Beamforming of Row–Column Probe Data

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

A novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for volumetric transrectal ultrasound imaging

A novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for volumetric transrectal ultrasound imaging

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