Real-time sonographic detection of vesicoureteral reflux in children

Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tests for the diagnosis and investigation of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review and economic model

“…Fourteen studies assessed the diagnostic accuracy of cystosonography, 123,124,144,149,165,179,187,191,195,199,202,213 or other contrast-enhanced techniques, 115,197 using a variety of contrast agents. All but one of these studies used MCUG as the reference standard.…”

“…describe the reference standard in sufficient detail to permit replication; 115,123,149,165,187,191,195,199,202 six studies reported insufficient detail to allow assessment of the avoidance of test review bias, 115,123,187,195,199,202 and three studies reported insufficient detail to allow assessment of the avoidance of disease progression bias. 165,187,195 The remaining study used direct radionuclide voiding cystography as the reference standard.…”

“…165,187,195 The remaining study used direct radionuclide voiding cystography as the reference standard. 164 This is not considered to be an appropriate reference standard and so the results are not included in the analysis below.…”

Reflux Nephropathy in Adults

“…The DMSA scan o r 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy represent less invasive but somewhat less sensitive methods of diagnosis [25][26]. Ultrasono graphy, in the hands of experienced technicians, can detect the typical features of RN with a good correspon dence with urography, especially in adults [27,28]. The classification of RN proposed by Smellie et al [13] in 1975, as reported in figure 1, is of practical utility and provides more precise morphological data on the exten sion of scars and the area of parenchymal thinness.…”

Assessing vesicoureteral reflux in live inbred mice via ultrasound with a microbubble contrast agent

“…Recently, an alternative technique that has been utilized in humans is to infuse microbubbles into the bladder and then to track the bubbles in the urinary tract via ultrasound (6,7,9,10,21,25,26). Given that many small animal imaging facilities have access to high-resolution ultrasound table that can monitor breathing and heart rate.…”