“…In today's automotive industry, major companies such as General Motors, Volkswagen, and Hyundai have invested extensive research in advancing autonomous vehicle technologies (Jia and He, 2022;Kumar et al, 2022;Chen et al, 2023;Jung et al, 2020). The core of selfdriving car operation lies in its ability to mimic human driver behavior when choosing driving modes and lanes (Joy et al, 2022;Ma et al, 2021). However, self-driving cars should not have options for reckless and negligent driving that can endanger other drivers and passengers on the roads.…”